Neuroanatomy 3

Question 1

How is the cerebellum attached to the brainstem?

Answer 1

Peduncles (these are stalks and there are 3 of them)

Question 2

What does the flocculonodular lobe consist of?

Answer 2

Flocculus and nodule

Question 3

What is the arbor vitae?

Answer 3

The white matter of the cerebellum, it brings sensory and motor information to the cerebellum

Question 4

The three layers of the cerebellar cortex?

Answer 4

Moleucular layer (outer)
Purkinje cell layer (middle)
Granular layer (inner)

Question 5

Important afferents to the cerebellum arrive from where?

Answer 5

• Spinal cord (from somatic proprioceptors and pressure receptors)
• Cerebral cortex (relayed via pons)
• Vestibular apparatus (via the vestibular nuclei)

They enter via CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES and project mainly to the granule cell layer

Question 6

Which layer of the cerebellum to the afferents project into?

Answer 6

The granule cell layer

Question 7

How does output leave the cerebellum?

Answer 7

Via Purkinje cells

Question 8

Do most efferent axons of the deep cerebellar nuclei cross the midline and synapse in the thalamus?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

Where do purkinje cells mainly synapse?

Answer 9

On neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei

Question 10

Lesions in the cerebellar hemispheres will produce signs and symptoms on which side?

Answer 10

The ipsilateral side (in contrast to lesions of motor/sensory cortex)

Question 11

Functions of the basal ganglia

Answer 11

• To facilitate purposeful movement
• Inhibit unwanted movement
• Role in posture and muscle tone

Question 12

Caudate nucleus and putamen make up the…

Answer 12

Striatum

Question 13

Caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus make up the

Answer 13

Corpus striatum

Question 14

Putamen and globus pallidus make up the

Answer 14

Lenticular nucleus

Question 15

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra make up the

Answer 15

Basal ganglia

Question 16

In which matter of the cerebellum is the basal ganglia located?

Answer 16

The gray matter

Question 17

How can you recognise the substantia nigra?

Answer 17

Stains darkly
(in severe parkinsons, it doesn't stain anymore BC of degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra

Question 18

Unilateral lesion in cerebellum presentation

Answer 18

Intention tremor, unsteady gait, in the absence of weakness or sensory loss

Question 19

Bilateral lesion in cerebellum presentation

Answer 19

Slurred speech (dysarthria)
Staggering, wide based gait (ataxia)
Bilateral incoordination of the arms and legs

Question 20

Midline lesion of cerebellum presentation

Answer 20

Distubrance of postural control

Patient will tend to fall over when standing or sitting despite preserved limb co-ordination

Question 21

Do lesions of the basal ganglia cause paralysis, sensory loss, loss of power or ataxia?

Answer 21

Generally no

Question 22

How do lesions of the basal ganglia present?

Answer 22

Loss of muscle tone
Dyskinesias:
-tremor
-chorea
-myoclonus

Question 23

What type of neurons in the substantia nigra?

Answer 23

Dopaminergic neurons

Question 24

Signs of Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 24

Akinesia
Resting tremor
Rigidity

Question 25

Signs of Huntington’s disease?

Answer 25

Chorea and progressive dementia