Neuroanatomy 1 Flashcards
what makes up the CNS
brain and spinal cord
what makes up the PNS (peripheral nervous system)
rest , too and from body, mostly output
what makes up the Hindbrain
pons
medulla
cerebellum
what makes up the Diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
what makes up the Forebrain
diencephalon
telencephalon
what matter is the cortex
grey matter
deep grey matter structures
- Thalamus: relay centre directing inputs to cortical areas
- Hypothalamus: ANS, links endocrine system to brain, homeostasis
- Basal ganglia (Caudate nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus): motor control, cognition and non-motor behaviour
what makes up grey matter
neurones and processes
what makes up white matter
no neurons
mostly axons
myelin
3 classifications of long-distance axonal projections
1) association fibres e.g. short association fibres
2) commissural fibres e.g. Corpus Callosum
3) projection fibres e.g. internal capsule
why is there an indentation in the frontal lobe
on inferior surface
due to them sitting over the orbit
insula functions
disgust, emotion, homeostasis, perception, motor control, cognitive function
what is the name of the cortex that overlies the insula
opercula
what is in the precentral gyrus
upper motor neurones
what do upper motor neurones transmit signals too?
upper motor neurones→ lower motor neurones → muscle
functions of frontal lobe
- Motor function, problem solving, memory, judgement, impulse control, higher cognitive function, language, executive function
- Voluntary movement on opposite side of body
- Dominant – speech & writing
functions of temporal lobe
• Semantic processing (the meaning and identity of things), memory, language, primary auditory cortex
divisions of temporal lobe
superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus
what is found in the superior temporal gyrus
primary auditory cortex
functions of parietal lobes
• Somatosensory, dominant (usually left) perception, language and mathematics, non-dominant (usually right) visuospatial function
what is in the postcentral gyrus
somatosensory cortex = touch , pain and joint position sense
functions of occipital lobes
visual
processing of language
where is the primary visual cortex found
Calcarine fissure
what is the striate cortex
band of white matter within cortex of occipital lobe
how many layers doe the neocortex have
6
how is the neocortex arranged?
layers and radial columns
what can the neocortex be subdivided into?
Brodmann areas
Brain asymmetry ‘dominance’
- Anatomical hemispheres of brain are slightly different -.e.g. Petelia – right frontal slightly more forward and left occipital more backwards
- Function of hemispheres different: linguistic function=left side (Broca’s & Wernicke’s)
what are arachnoid cisterns
where arachnoid comes away and CSF pools
functions of cerebellum
• Co-ordinates movement & balance
anatomy of cerebellum
- Attached by 3 peduncles: superior, middle, inferior
- Separated from dorsal brain stem by IVth ventricle
- Made up of folded cortex, white matter and deep inner nuclei
- Cortex folded into many by transverse folia
how do cerebellar injuries present?
- loss of coordination of motor movement (asynergia)
- movement tremors (intention tremor)
- weak muscles (hypotonia)
- abnormal eye movements (nystagmus)
functions of brain stem
- special senses
- sensory and motor for head and neck via cranial nerves
- autonomic regulation of body
- regulates consciousness
- pathway between brain and spinal cord
anatomy of midbrain
- Tectum (superior & inferior colliculi)
- Cerebral peduncle (tegmentum & crus cerebri)
- Surrounds cerebral aqueduct
- Pons: Bridge to cerebellum
- Medulla oblongata: continuous with cord
CNS specialised cells
- Nerve cells
* Neuroglia (glial cells) – support neurons
what are tracts
location of a pathway, eg spinothalamic tract
what is a lemnisci
narrow strip of fibres, eg medial lemniscus
what is a funiculi
rope/cord
what is a fasiculi
bundle
what is a capsule
longitudinally running fibres are separated by other structures, eg dorsal column
Ipsilateral
same side
Contralateral
opposite side
nuclei
collections of nerve cell bodies within the CNS, eg arcuate nucleus
ganglia
collections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS (eg doral root ganglia) AND some in CNS that have a capsule (eg basal ganglia)
afferents
axons taking information towards the CNS, eg sensory fibres
efferents
axons taking information to another site, eg motor fibres
reticular
‘netlike’, where grey and white matter mix, eg reticular formation of brainstem
