Neuroanatomy 1+2 Flashcards
what is the nervous system made up of?
1-3
brain and spinal cord
what is the peripheral system made up of?
1-3
nerves
what are the two groups that the peripheral is put into? explain what they do
1-3
efferent - controls the movement
afferent - controls the sensory (touch, pain, heat etc)
what two systems make up the motor division?
1-3
somatic and autonomic
what two sections are in the visceral division?
1-3
sympathetic - fight or flight
parasympathetic - rest and digest
what are the 5 groups of nerves on the spinal cord?
1-4
cervical (1-8)
thoracic (1-12)
lumbar (1-5)
sacral (1-5)
coccygeal
what is cauda equina?
1-5
spinal cord nerves look like horse tail
how does cauda equina happen?
1-5
vertebrae grows faster than the spinal cord –> spinal nerves has to stretch instead of “just growing”
what does the white and grey matter contain?
1-6
grey - cell body and dendrites
white - myelinated axons
on grey matter: where are the afferent and efferent nuclei located?
1-6
sensory nuclei - dorsal horn (back)
motor nuclei - front horn (ventral)
what can the sensory nerve synapse to in the spinal cord?
1-7
interneurons or directly onto motor neuron
where are ascending tracks mostly found in the spinal cord?
1-9
dorsal
information form the brain
what are the 6 subdivisions of the brain?
1-10
cerebrum
diencephalon
midbrain
pons
medulla
cerebellum
what is the Mesencephalon also known as?
1-11
midbrain
what is the main function for the mesencephalon?
1-11
relay station for auditory and visual information
what splits the two hemispheres of the cerebellum?
1-13
vermis
what is the upper part and lower part of the “little brain” called?
1-13
upper - anterior
lower - posterior
what is ataxia?
1-14
problems with movement and co-ordination
what are the effects of ataxia?
1-14
initiation tremors
speech problems
inability to judge distance
“drunken sailors gait”
etc
what part of the brain is affected to produce ataxia?
1-14
cerebellum
what are the 5 parts of the diencephalon?
1-15
thalamus
hypothalamus
pineal gland
anterior and posterior pituitary
what is the main function of the thalamus?
1-16
emotional response to sensory information
what is the main function of the hypothalamus?
1-16
centre for homeostasis and behavioural drives e.g arousal, appetite, body temp etc
another name for the posterior pituitary
1-17
neurohypophesis
another name for anterior pituitary
1-17
adenophypophesis
what does the posterior pituitary do?
1-17
secretes signals to the anterior pituitary that are synthesised in hypothalamic nuclei
what does the anterior pituitary do?
1-17
secrete hormones
what is the function of the pineal gland?
1-17
secrete melatonin
what are the 5 different lobes on the cerebrum?
1-18
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula
what is Lissencephaly?
1-19
means smooth brain
what causes Lissencephaly?
1-19
problems of migration to the cortex
what is polymicrogyria?
1-19
there is too much fold of the brain
what makes up the basal nuclei?
1-20
putamen
globus pallidus
caudate nuclei
what is the lentiform nucleus?
1-20
the patumen and globus pallidum
what is the main function of the basal nuclei?
1-20
controls voluntary movements
what makes up the limbic system?
1-20
cingulate gyrus
hippocampus
amygdala
what is the 2 functions of the limbic system?
1-20
emotional response
learning memory
what makes up the grey matter of the cerebrum?
1-20
basal nuclei
limbic system
cortex
what are the 3 different tracts in the white matter of the brain?
1-21
association fibres
projection fibres
commissures
what are the ascending and descending tracts called?
1-21
thalamocortical tracts - asending
corticothalamic - descending
what part of the brain do the ascending and descending tracts go through?
1-21
internal capsule
what do association fibres do?
1-21
connect different part of the cortex together from the same side (left and right hemisphere)
what do commissure fibres do?
1-21
connect one part of the brain to the other (left right//front back)
what is the largest commissure?
1-21
corpus callosum
what target receptor does parasympathetic system work on?
1-28
muscarinic receptors
what target receptor does sympathetic system work on?
1-28
adrenergic receptors
what are the three parts that make up the meninges in the brain?
2-3
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
what are the two components of leptomeninges?
2-3
arachnoid mater
pia mater
what is a haemorrhage?
2-3
a loss of blood from a damaged blood vessel
where are the 4 ventricles in the brain located?
2-5
cerebrum
diencephalon
pons/medulla
where is CSF produced?
2-5
choroid plexus
where does the CSF go through to get into the subarachnoid space?
2-6
4th ventricle (pons/medulla)
how many times does the CSF replenish?
2-6
3 time a day
what is hydrocephalus?
2-6
the buildup of fluid in ventricles
types of glia cells in CNS
2-9
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal
microglia
types of glia cells in PNS
Schwann cells
satellite cells
what are the different types of structural classification for neurons?
2-13
unipolar
bipolar
unipolar (pseudounipolar)
what is the bundle of cell bodies called in the PNS
ganglia
examples of some neuropeptides
2-17
substance P
cholecystokinin (CCK)
endorphines
neuropeptides
what are the most common types of synapses?
2-18
axondendritic and axosomatic
what is the soma?
2-18
cell body (neuron)
what kind of synapse is it called when it is on the axon?
2-18
axoaxonic (usually inhibition)
what is the equivalent of oligodendrocytes in the PNS?>
2-27
shwann cells
what is multiple sclerosis?
2-29
demyelinating disease (of Schwann and oligodendrocytes)
