Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RUSVM SAM 1 > Neuro - Tetraparesis/tetraplegia > Flashcards

Neuro - Tetraparesis/tetraplegia Flashcards

1
Q

What list of differentials can result in both conditions of hindlimb paresis/ paralysis or tetraparesis/paralysis ??

A

Diskospondylitis
Neoplasia
Fracture/luxation
fibrocartiaginous emboli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cervical disc disease occurs in what breeds most commonly?

A

Chondrodystrophic and poodles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

8yr old Dashunds
Acute onset of severe neck pain, holding neck low, doesn’t want to turn head

Tetraparesis that is worse in the rear limbs

What is your top DDX?
What would by your next diagnostic step?

A

Cervical disc disease

Radiographs and myelogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the best treatment for cervical disc disease in a patient that has paresis and in nonabulatory ?

A

This is grade 3
-> cage rest with pred for pain
These dog are usually continent

If no improvement -> surgery

PHYSIO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Giving steroids like dexamethasone before surgery has been shown to protect the spinal cord from trauma. Would you do this when doing surgery for cervical disc disease?

A

Some do, but you should avoid this if possible and do surgery so your not causing trauma to spinal cord

Avoid this if possible due to side effects of steroids
-GI ulceration/perforations -> peritonitis with no stress resposne
-UTIs common
Ect ect .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is cervical spondylomyelopathy?

A

AKA chaining wobblers

Stenosis/osteophyte formation/ Hansen type II disc degeneration —> compression of spinal cords (esp at C5/C6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the cause of cervical spondylomyelopathy ??

A

Genetic component

  • congenital stenosis and lig laxity
  • rapid over growth and over nutrition

abnormal stresses on joints
calcinonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the signalment of cervical spondylomyelopathy ?

A

Great Danes - 3-18months

Dobermans -5-8yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Young Great Dane
Presents with head guarding

Paresis, ataxia, wobbling, and scuffing of hind limbs

Dysmetria and mild CP deficits in forelimb
Atrophy of infra and Supra-spinatus
Neck pain

What is your top dx?

A

Cervical spondylomyelopathy AKA canine wobblers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What might you see on a radiograph of a dog with cervical spondylomyelopathy ?

A 
Tipping of vertebrate 
Stenosis 
Rounding 
Decreased disc spaces 
Degeneration in articular facets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is extension and flexion the best way to determine if a canine wobblers syndrome dog has a dynamic component ?

A

No -> may cause more compression and damage to spinal cord if you are flexing and extending

Do a traction radiograph where you pull the head cranially to stretch the vertebral spaces —> if compression is reduced with traction then there is a dynamic component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the best therapy for canine wobblers?

A

Palliative (40-60% recover). Involves exercise restriction to minimize dynamic compression

Pred to reduced inflammation

Surgical decompression -> otters best long term benefits but not without its own limitations (medical therapy should be the first initial therapy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the prognosis for dogs with cervical spondylomyelopathy ?

A

Disc slip > good

Tetraplegic > poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do you call a condition where compression of the spinal cord is caused by dorsal displacement of the axis?

A

Atlanta-axial subluxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three mechanisms causing an Atlanta-axial subluxation ?

A

Absence or hypoplasia of the odontoid process/dens (most common)

Odontoid fracture at ossification center between dens and C2

Rupture of the ligamentous supports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Toy poodle 10months

Progressive onset of severe neck pain and tetraplegia

What is your top DDX and what would be your next diagnostic step?

A

Atlanta-axial subluxation
->due to absence/hypoplasia of dens

Too young for cervical disc disease -> avg age 8yrs

Radiograph in ventrodorsal view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the treatment for Atlanta-axial subluxation?

A

Hemilaminectomy to relieve compression

Subluxation immobilized by wiring/screwing two vertebrae together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is syringomyelia?

A

Fluid filled cavities in the parenchyma of the spinal cord -> due to abnormal CSF flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Syringomyelia is common in what breed

A

King Charles cocker spaniel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

King Charles spaniels and other small breed dogs develop syringomyelia as a result of???

A

Caudal occipital malformation syndrome —> impaction into foramen magnum/herniation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are signs of Atlanta-axial subluxation?

A

Neuropathic pain -pressure on dorsal horns

Shoulder scratching, head/neck pain, focalization, vestibular signs, and tetraparesis, with LMN signs to a front limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What drugs are used to control syringomyelia?

A

Diuretics

omeprazole-> proton pump inhibitor
cimetidine-> H2 antagonist

Prednisone
gabapentin -> neuropathic pain management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are general signs indicating a myopathy?

A

Weakness
Stilted stiff gait

Normal CP and reflexes

Sometimes - pain and elevated CPK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are possible etiologies of infectious myopathies in dogs?

A 
Toxoplasma 
Neosporisis 
Borrelia burgdorferi 
Hepatozoonoiss 
Leptospirosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are possible etiologies for infectious myopathies in cats?

A

Toxoplasma
FeLV
FIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the most common inflammatory myopathy in dogs?

A

Autoimmune polymyositis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Autoimmune polymyositis is most commune in what dogs?

A

Large breed, mature

May be acute or chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are signs of autoimmune polymyositis?

A

Generalized weakness, stiff gait and rapid fatigue

Generalized muscle atrophy

Some have -pyrexia, pain, regurge, dysphonia, and dysphagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How can you make a definitive diagnosis for autoimmune polymyositis ?

A

Muscle biopsy

Necrosis, phagocytosis of myocytes, perivascular lymphocyte, plasma cell infiltration, and regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How is autoimmune polymyositis treated?

A

Prednisone and azathioprine

Azathioprine takes 3 weeks to be effective -> taper off pred at this time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What condition appears as ..
pseudotrismus
Fever
Atrophy of masticatory muscles

PE: dog will not want to ope mouth

A

Masticatory muscle myositis (MMM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the cause of masticatory muscle myositis ?

A

Autoimmune

Humoral response against type 2M fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Treatment of masticatory muscle myositis??

A

Pred with azathioprine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the best test to determine masticatory muscle myositis?

A

Serology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Golden retrievers get what condition that causes a bilateral exopthalamos?

A

Extraocular myositis -> autoimmune myositis causing inflmmation a dilation of ocular muscles -> pressure causes exopthalmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

A racing greyhound presents with painful and rigid muscles.
Biochem shows markedly elevated CK

What should be your top DDX?

A

Exertional myopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

In an exertional myopathy, what is often the cause of death despite treatment with fluids, bicarb, and analgesics?

A

Renal failure due to myoglobinemia

38
Q

Cat with ventroflexion of the neck , inability to jump, and remains recumbent

What could by some DDX for this cat?

A

Infectious myopathy -> toxoplasma, FeLV, or FIV

Hypokalemic myopathy

Feline idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

39
Q

What conditions can result in a severe hypokalemia in cats?

A

Chronic renal failure

Acid diet

Conn’s - hyperaldosterone —> Na reabsorption and K secretion

Hyperthyroid - PU/PD

40
Q

How should a hypokalemic myopathy be treated?

A

Oral supplementation
Potassium gluconate:
2-4 mEq/day mildly affected
5-10 mEq/day severe case

41
Q

How can your differentiate feline idiopathic inflammatory myopathy from an infectous/hypokalemic myopathy?

A

Test for FLV/FIV/mycoplasma/toxoplasma

K levels in biochem

If infectious agents neg and K Normal -> then this disease, be exclusion

42
Q

What is the best therapy for feline idopathic inflmmatory myopathy?

A

Prednisone

-> very few side effects in cats

43
Q

Pointer dog has developed a flaccid tail after being out on a hunting trip with his owner.

What could be some DDX and how might you rule them out?

A

Limber tail AKA coccygeal muscle injury -> recover with a few days of rest and anti-inflammatories

Lumbosacral degenerative stenosis -> would have LMN in hindlimbs, pain response on tail jack test

44
Q

Inherited abnormalities of the cytoskeleton is what type of myopathy?

A

Dystrophic (degenerative/developmental)

45
Q

Dystrophic myopathy is seen in what animals and what are the signs?

A

Puppies - as early as 6weeks of age

Stunning, weakness, gait abnormalities, trismus, muscle atrophy with fibrosis and contracture

Skeletal deformities like kyphosis and lordosis

46
Q

What usually causes death in animals with dystrophic myopathies?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy w

47
Q

What breed of dog has a central core like myopathy?

A

Great Dane

48
Q

What animals can we see a nemaline rod myopathy?

A

Family of cats

Border collie

49
Q

Centronuclear myopathies are seen in what breed of dog?

A

Labrador retrievers

50
Q

Myofibriallar myopathy with desmin storage is seen in what breed of dog?

A

Australian shepherd dog

51
Q

What are the metabolic diseases causing myopathies?

A 
Hypothyroid 
Hyperthyroid 
Hyperadrenocorticism 
Enzyme deficiencies 
-glycogen storage disease 
-phosphofructokinase deficiency 
Exercise intolerance and collapse
52
Q

Labrador retrievers with ataxia and “rocking horse” gait following exercise.
Hindlimbs are weak and unable to bear weight

What is your DDX?

A 
Exercise intolerance and collapse 
Heart disease 
Electrolyte/glucose abnormalities
Anemia 
Other muscle disease
53
Q

What is the treatment for exercise intolerance and collapse ?

A

Dogs usually return to normal after 5-25mins of rest

Phenobarbital can prevent signs -> may be by reducing excitement

54
Q

What is myotonia congenita?

A

Sustained depolarization of muscle due to Cl- channelopathy

Animals are stiff and walk with difficulty

55
Q

T/F: during Myotonia congenita there can be clonic reflexes because of motor neuron problems

A

False
Clonic reflex because of muscular abnormalities

Reflexes also can be slow

56
Q

Collie 4months

Facial dermatitis
Waxing and waning of mild weakness and megaesophagus .

What is your top DDX?

A

Dermatomyoitis

Inflammatory dz of capillary walls in skin and to a lesser extent muscle

57
Q

What breeds are predisposed to feline hyperesthesia syndrome?

A

Abyssinian, Siamese, and Burmese

Between 5-8yrs

58
Q

What signs are associated with feline hyperesthesia syndrome?

What other diseases would be on your DDX for theses symptoms ?

A

Intermittent twitching, grooming, agitation, vocalizing, running, and aggression

DDX: Behavior disorder, caudal lumbar spinal lesions, and paraspinal myositis

59
Q

What is the prognosis of feline hyperesthesia syndrome?

A

Poor

60
Q

What breeds are predisposed to congenital mysasthenia gravis?

A

Jack Russell

Foxies

61
Q

What is the acquired form of mysasthenia gravis?

A

Autoantibodies to the AchR

62
Q

Where is focal mysasthenia gravis localized?

A

Megaesophagus

Facial, pharyngeal, laryngeal muscle weakness

63
Q

What are the two types of generalized mysasthenia gravis?

A

Acute fulminating

Chronic generalized

64
Q

Dogs with sudden onset of regurgitation. Generalized muscle weakness with recumbency and respiratory distress

Dx?

A

Acute fulminating generalized myasthenia gravis

65
Q

Dog with muscle weakness induced by exercise and weakness of the facial, pharyngeal, and laryngeal muscles. Some regurgitation due to megaesophagus.

DX?

A

Chronic generalized myasthenia gravis

66
Q

What is the BEST diagnostic choice for myasthenia gravis?

A

AchR antibodies or immune complexes at the motor end plate

67
Q

In what cases would a Tensilon test give false negative results for MG??

A

Only gives postive results in dogs that have generalized weakness following exercise

—> not effective in focal or acute fulminating MG

68
Q

Myasthenia gravis in cats is usually associated with???

A

Thymoma

Rare generalized

69
Q

What is the treatment for myasthenia gravis?

A

Pyridostigmine
PO 1-3mg/kg, 8-12hrs

+/- prednisolone (aza/cycle)

70
Q

What are signs that your dose of pyridostigmine may be too high?

A

PSNS signs

GI
Bradycardia
Bronchoconstriction
Depolarizing blockade with respiratory arrest

71
Q

What is the purpose of prednisolone or azathioprine as part of treatment for MG?

A

Acquired MG is an autoimmune rxn with AB production against ACh receptors —> anti-inflammatory effect

72
Q

What is the prognosis for myasthenia gravis cases ?

A

Poor in congenital and fulminant

Clinical and immunological cases generally resolve in about 6 months with treatment of pyridostigmine

73
Q

What is the MOA of botulism toxin?

A

Blocks ACh release from presynaptic membrane and somatic and automobile neuromuscular junctions

74
Q

What are signs of botulism toxin?

A

Hypotonia, hypo-/areflexia

Decreased PSNS functions

  • bladder retention
  • constipation
  • dilated pupils
  • tachycardia

Respiratory paralysis

75
Q

What is the treatment for botulism?

A

Polyvalent antisera
Supportive therapy
Neostigmine may be helpful

76
Q

Tick paralysis is caused by what species of tick?

A

Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky mountain wood tick)

Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick)

Ixodes -occasionally

77
Q

What is the MOA of tick paralysis?

A

Blocking conduction of impulses along distal portions of motor nerves or inhibiting presynaptic release of ACh at motor end plate

78
Q

What are the signs of tick paralysis ?

A

Rapidly developing paresis - tetrapeligia
LMN signs - hypo-tones/reflexia

Cranial nerves, sensation, and continence are usually spared

79
Q

Dog with …

Wrinkling of skin between ears, frowning appearance
Enopthalamos

Increased extensor tone -> saw horse stance

What would your top dx be?

A

Tetanus

80
Q

What is the treatment for tetanus??

A

Tetanus antitoxin -> only binds circulating toxin, prevents progression but doesn’t reverse

If hyperthermic -> reduce temp

Penicillin/metronidazole

Acepromazine —> dopamine, serotonin, and histamine antagonist —> tranquialer/sed/antispasmodic effect

81
Q

What is coonhound paralysis (acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis)?

A

Raccoon bite saliva -> change antigenicity that results in inflammation, degeneration, and demyelination of the ventral nerve root and peripheral nerves

82
Q

What is the treatment for coonhound paralysis?

A

Supportive therapy - prevent decubitus ulcers, UTA and muscle atrophy

Clinical signs usually resolve in weeks to months

83
Q

What is the most common etiology of protozoal polyradiculoneuritis in dogs ??

A

Neospora caninum

84
Q

Neospora infections are usually acquired how?

A

Transplacenally

85
Q

Puppy 2months old

Progressive posterior paralysis
Extensor rigidity of pelvic limbs
Dermatitis

Dx?

A

Protozoal polyradiculoneuritis

86
Q

How does neospora cause the signs seen in protozoal polyradiculoneuritis ??

A

Scar formation in the muscles from LMN damage and infection of the muscle

87
Q

What is the treatment for protozoal polyradiculoneuritis ?

A

Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (potentiated sulfonamide)

Pyrimethamine (folic acid inhibitor) -> impairs production of protein and nucleic acid

88
Q

What is the most common etiology of protozoal polyradiculoneuritis in cats ??

A

Toxoplasma

89
Q

A dropped hock in a cat is a neuropathy associated with??

A

Diabetes mellitus

90
Q

What type of neuropathies are associated with hypothyroidism??

A

Cranial (vestibular, laryngeal )

Generalized peripheral neuropathy

91
Q

What is idiopathic facial nerve paralysis?

A

Degeneration of myelinated fibers in the facial nerve

  • usually unilateral with drooping years and lips
  • deviation of nose

RUSVM SAM 1 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions