Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

RUSVM SAM 1 > Congenital Heart Disease > Flashcards

Congenital Heart Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 most common congenital heart diseases in dogs?

A 
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Subaortic stenosis (SAS)
Pulmonic stenosis (PS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 most common congenital heart disease in cats?

A

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Tricuspid valve dysplasia (TVD)
Mitral valve dysplasia (MVD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Ductus arteriosus patent after birth

Blood flows from the aorta to pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus results in a ___________ overload to the _____ side of the heart

A

Volume; left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of hypertrophy would you expect in a patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Eccentric - volume overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What breeds are predisposed to PDA?

A 
Bichon
Chihuahua 
Poodle 
GSD
Corgi
Shetland sheepdog
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T/F: PDA is more commonly see in males rather than females

A

False

Female>male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Continuous heart murmur with PMI at bases
High grade

Heart rate normal to high

Bounding femoral pulse

Asymptomatic

A

PDA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If PDA results in CHF, what clinical signs will you see?

A 
Exercise intolerance 
Tachypnea 
Cough
Dyspnea 
Syncope

Abnormal lung sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can you definitively diagnose PDA?

A

Echocardiography

-turbulent blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the treatment of PDA?

A

Curable by surgical ligation/trans catheter occlusion

Both procedures require specialists
Transcatheter occulsion is minimally invasive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is reversed PDA??

A

Right (deoxygenated) to left (oxygenated blood) shunt

Occurs secondary to severe pulmonary hypertension (PA > aortic pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reversed PDA can result in??

A

Hypoxemia and polycythemia

Often symptomatic and have differential cyanosis (cranial or caudal depending on if it joins before or after the subclavian arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T/F: reversed PDA s correctable by ligation or occlusion similar to a left-right PDA

A

False

Non correctable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are reversed PDAs managed?

A

Exercise restriction
Phlebotomy
Bone marrow suppression drugs (hydroxyurea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What disease has subvalvular fibrosis

A 
Subaortic stenosis (SAS) 
-nodule/ridge/ring/tunnel

Not always congenital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does subaortic stenosis affect bloodflow?

A

Obstructs blood as it flows from the LV to the aorta

-LV must generate higher pressure to maintain cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

SAS results in ________ overload to the _____ side of the heart

A

Pressure; left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of hypertrophy would you expect in SAS?

A

Concentric -pressure overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the signalment for SAS?

A

Dog> cat

Large and giant breed
-golden, Newfoundland, Rottweiler, GSD, boxer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q 
Dog
Left basilar systolic murmur 
Med grade 
Heart rate normal to high
Weak femoral pulse

Asymptomatic

A

SAS

If CHF develops -> abnormal lung sounds, tachypnea, and dyspnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How can you definatively diagnose SAS?

A

Echocardiography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Severity of a SAS can be determined how?

A

Continuous wave Doppler

Used to measure velocity of blood as it is ejected out of LV

Estimated pressure gradient (PG)=4 x velocity^2

Mild if PG < 40mmHg
Moderate 41-80mmHg
Severe > 80mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Dogs with SAS can develop what potentially fatal arrhythmia?

A

Ventricular arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How is SAS treated?? What patients would be indicated?
No curative treatment Atenolol (b blocker) can decrease myocardial O2 demand, improve perfusion, and prevent ventricular arrhythmia —> moderately/severely affected dogs Balloon valvulopasty
26
SAS is a risk factor for ____________
Endocarditis —> patients with SAS should receive antibiotics for any potentially bacteremic episode High velocity can damage endothelium
27
What is valvular pulmonic stenosis?
Markedly thickened cusps due to dysplasia +/- commissural fusion or annular hypoplasia
28
How does pulmonic stenosis affect blood flow?
Obstructs blood as it flows from the right ventricle to the main pulmonary artery —> RV must generate higher pressure to maintain cardiac output
29
PS results in _________ overload to the _______ side of the heart
Pressure; right
30
What type of hypertrophy do you expect in pulmonic stenosis ?
Concentric - pressure overload
31
What is the signalment commonly seen with PS?
Dog> cat ``` Terrier Bulldog Beagle Samoyed Chihuahua Labrador ```
32
Dog Left basilar systolic murmur Any grade Heart rate normal-high Femoral pulses are normal
Pulmonic stenosis
33
If pulmonic stenosis lead to congestive heart failure, what clinical signs would you see?
Jugular venous distention Abdominal distention Tachypnea Dyspnea Right sided CHF—> systemic congestion
34
Definitive diagnosis requires of pulmonic stenosis requires??
Echocardiography
35
Where would you see a bulge on the heart if there was pulmonic stenosis
1-2 o’clock
36
What is the treatment of pulmonic stenosis ?
Mildly affected+asymptomatic - normal lifespan, no treatment Balloon valvuloplasty if PS is /moderate/severe (80mmHg) Atenolol can reduce arrhythmia, dynamic infundibular gradient, syncopal events, and risk of sudden death
37
If you are considering a balloon valvuloplasty surgery in a bulldog/boxer, what would you be concerned about ?
Can have anomalous coronary artery (branching from aorta and wrapping under pulmonary artery) —> valvuloplasty can cause rupture
38
What is a ventricular septal defect (VSD)? How does it impact blood flow?
Defect in the inter ventricular septum LV>RV pressure Blood from the left goes to the right ventricle
39
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) causes a _____________ overload to the ______ side of the heart
Volume; left
40
What type of hypertrophy do you expect in VSD?
Eccentric - volume overload
41
What is the most common concurrent congenital defect in dogs with VSD?
Pulmonic stenosis
42
T/F: if severe pulmonary hypertension develops or severe PS is present along with VSD, the shunt can reverse (right ->left)
True
43
What is the signalment for VSD?
cats>dog ``` English springer spaniel West highland white terrier Lakeland terrier Basset hound English bulldog ```
44
Cat Systolic murmur with PMI parasternally Heart rate normal or high Femoral pulse normal
Ventricular septal defect
45
T/F: the smaller the VSD, the launder the murmur
True
46
What diagnostics can you use in VSD?
Echocardiography Doppler - ID small defects Radiographs —> pulmonary over circulation Moderate/large defects cause more significant chamber dilation (left sided or biventricular) and pulmonary hypertension
47
Treatment for VSD?
Small VSDs do not require treatment Moderate/large—> cardioprotective(ACEi) Large defects —> PA banding or open-heart surgery (poor prognosis if not closed)
48
What is tricuspid valve dysplasia (TVD)?
Thickening/elongated/shortened leaflets Shortened/absent cordae tendineae Abnormal papillary mm.
49
How does tricuspid valve dysplasia (TVD) affect blood flow?
TV regurgitation is the most common result, but stenosis can also occur
50
TVD results in _______ overload to the __________ side of the heart
Volume; right
51
What type of hypertrophy do you expect in TVD?
Eccentric - volume overload
52
What other cardiac abnormality can you see in TVD due to high right atrial pressure?
Patent foramen ovale
53
What is the signalment of TVD?
Cats> dog Lab Boxer Irish setter GSD
54
Cat Right apical systolic murmur Heart rate normal or high Femoral pulses are normal
Tricuspid valve dysplasia
55
What signs would you observe is there was CHF due to TVD?
Jugular venous distention Pulsation/abdominal distention Tachypnea/dyspnea
56
How can you definitively diagnose TVD?
Echocardiography - when tricuspid regurgitation is severe, the left ventricle is usually small (volume underload) - when stenosis is present, RA is dilated and RV is small
57
What is the treatment for TVD?
Mild- no treatment required Moderate/severe- cardioprotective drug(ACEi) In severe cases can develop CHF - > surgical valve replace the - > interventional therapy with balloon valvuloplasty
58
What is mitral valve dysplasia | (MVD)?
Any part of the valve can be affected Short/thick leaflets with an occasional cleft Short/thick/long/thin cordae tendineae Annular enlargement, malposition of papillary mm.
59
T/F: mitral regurgitation is most common, but stenosis can also occur
True
60
Mitral valve dysplasia results in _____________ overload to the ______ side of the heart
Volume; left
61
What type of hypertrophy do you expect in mitral valve dysplasia?
Eccentric - volume overload
62
What is the signalment of MVD?
Cat>dog ``` Great Dane GSD Bull terrier Golden retriever Newfoundland ```
63
How can animals with MVD present ?
Asymptomatic or L-sided CHF Left apical systolic murmur If there is a stenosis, may hear a diastolic murmur
64
CAT Left apical systolic murmur Heart rate may be normal or high Femoral pulse normal
Mitral valve dysplasia
65
What is the definitive diagnosis for MVD?
Echocardiography If stenosis is present - LA dilated and LV small Thoracic radiographs are useful for determining LA/LV enlargement and CHF
66
How do you treat MVD?
Mild -does not require treatment Moderate/severe -cardioprotective drug Beta blocker in patients with LV outflow obstruction Many with severe MVD develop CHF—> surgical repair/replacement of valve/balloon valvuloplasty
67
Atrioventricular septal defects are most common in what species?
Cats >> dogs
68
What congenital heart disease has its PMI at left/right parasternal,diastolic, or systolic ?
Atrioventricular septal defects —> no surgical/interventional therapy —>can develop CHF and sudden death
69
What is tetralogy of fallot (ToF)?
Pulmonic stenosis Secondary concentric hypertrophy of the right ventricle Overriding aorta Ventricular septal defect
70
How is the blood flow affected during tetralogy of fallot?
High pressure in the RV (secondary to PS) —> deoxygenated blood from the RV shunts into the LV —> hypoxemia and polycythemia
71
What is the most common cause of cyanotic heart disease in cats and dogs?
Tetralogy of Fallot
72
What is the treatment of ToF?
Non-selective beta blocker (propranolol) Exercise restriction Phlebotomy +/- hydroxyurea Partial balloon valvuloplasty Surgical Open-heart repair of VSD and PS
73
What defect allows blood to flow from the left atrium and right atrium?
Atrial septal defect ->murmur is common and often low grade
74
What is persistent right aortic arch?
Vascular ring anomaly (VRA) characterized by persistence of the right fourth aortic arch during fetal development —> esophageal signs- regurgitation
75
What type of murmur is only ever systolic and low grade, usually heard in the base of the heart
Innocent heart murmur
76
Where is the PMI of a innocent heart murmur?
Aortic/pulmonary valve (left heart base)
77
What causes a innocent heart murmurs and what animals do you see it in?
Murmur caused by high velocity flow through an immature CVS NOT a structural heart disease Puppies and kittens - usually disappear by 6months of age

RUSVM SAM 1 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions