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RUSVM SAM 1 > Cardiology Review and Physical Exam > Flashcards

Cardiology Review and Physical Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Is the resistance in the pulmonary vessels high or low ?

A

Low resistance => low pressure (P=CO x R)

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2
Q

What enters the right atrium at the craniodorsal aspect, near the sinus node?

A

Cranial vena cava

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3
Q

The right atrioventricular valve is AKA?

A

Tricuspid valve

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4
Q

T/F: The right ventricle is crescent shaped and its valves can only be heard on the left side

A

False

Crescent shaped-> beginning in right hemithorax (tricuspid valve) and terminate in left hemithorax (pulmonary valve)

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5
Q

Where do the pleural veins empty into in dogs and cats?

A

Cranial vena cava

-in cats, also empty into the left atrium

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6
Q

Where do the abdominal veins empty into in dogs and cats?

A

Caudal vena cava

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7
Q

Where does the pericardium drain into in cats and dogs??

A

Crainial vena cava

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8
Q

The left AV valve is AKA?

A

Mitral valve

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9
Q

Basilar refers to???

A

Dorsal 1/3rd of the heart

-atria, auricle, aortic, and pulmonary valves, ascending aorta, main PA

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10
Q

Apical refers to???

A

Ventral 2/3 of the heart

-includes the ventricles and AV valves

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11
Q

Where do the coronary arteries originate?

A

Left coronary artery - L aortic sinus

Right coronary artery - R aortic sinus

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12
Q

When does most coronary flow occur?

A

During diastole

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13
Q

The great coronary vein originates at ____________ and empties into the ________

A

Apex of left ventricle; coronary sinus

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14
Q

What are the components of the conduction system of the heart?

A 
SA node
AV node 
Bundle of His
Bundle branches 
Purkinje fibers
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15
Q

Is the ventricular myocardium primarily controlled by the SNS or PSNS?

A

SNS

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16
Q

T/F: the SA and AV nodes have both parasympathetic (vagal) and sympathetic innervation

A

True

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17
Q

The sympathetic effects of the heart are mediated by what receptors?

A

B1 adrenergic receptors

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18
Q

The parasympathetic effects of the heart are mediated by what receptors ?

A

Muscarinic

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19
Q

_________ is the volume of blood ejected out the heart during each cardiac cycle

A

Stroke volume (EDV-ESV)

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20
Q

Stroke volume is determined by what 3 factors?

A

Preload
Afterload
Contractility

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21
Q

What is the sequel of increased right atrial pressure?

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure in vena cava

Increased hydrostatic pressure in systemic veins

Effusion on body cavities -> peritoneal/pleural/pericardial
Interstitial edema in systemic organs

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22
Q

What is the sequel of increased left atrial pressure

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary viewings —> edema in pulmonary parenchyma

Cats ONLY- increased hydrostatic pressure in pleural veins —> effusion in pleural cavity

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23
Q

If you have decreased ambulation and abdominal distention, what concerns may you have relating to the CV system?

A

Thromboembolism (cat)

Hypotension ascites

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24
Q

What do you examine on the head with regard to a CV exam

A

Mucous membranes

  • normal, pink, CRT<2sec
  • assess for pallor, cyanosis, CRT > 2sec, petechiae, and icterus

Eyes
-evaluate for hyphema, retinal hemorrhage, and retinal detachment (systemic hypertension ))

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25
What nutrient is vital for heart function in cats and when lacking you can see central rental degeneration ?
Taurine deficiency cardiomyopathy
26
What would you suspect if there is distention of the jugular veins?
Elevated systemic venous pressure —> right sided heart disease —> pericardial disease —> obstruction of the cranial vena cava
27
T/F: it is normal to see pulsation of the jugular vein above the distal third
False Normal below distal third Abnormal above distal third —> tricuspid regurgitation/ventricular cardiomyopathy/pericardial disease/3rd degree AV block
28
What is the palpable heart beat on the left chest surface ?
``` Apex beat (AB) -mitral valve ```
29
AB may be exaggerated in patients with __________
Cardiomegaly
30
What should you listen for during cardiac auscultation?
Start at apex beat Determine heart rate Identify normal heart sounds/respiratory sounds Listen for any abnormal sounds Listen for arrhythmias Repeat at aortic and then pulmonary valve and then tricuspid on the right
31
What is the “lub” heart sound?
S1 | Ventricular systole
32
What are the valves doing during S1?
Ventricular systole - AV valves closing (this generates the “lub” sound) - Semilunar valves opening
33
What is the “dub” heart sound?
S2 | End of ventricular systole
34
What are the valves doing during S2?
AV valves are opening | Semilunar valves are closing (this generates the “dub” sound)
35
S1 and S2 are higher frequency sounds, and are best heard with what part of the stethoscope ?
Diaphragm
36
What is a murmur?
Sound generated by abnormal movement of blood in the heart chambers or great vessels
37
T/F: the higher the velocity, the louder the murmur
True
38
Grade the murmur.. Very faint Several seconds or longer to hear Does not radiate
Grade 1
39
Grade the murmur Readily heard Radiates on same side as the point of maximal intensity
Grade 3
40
Grade the murmur Loud Rates to opposite side of PMI
Grade 4
41
Grade the murmur Faint Doesn’t radiate
Grade 2
42
Grade the murmur Palpable thrill Audible with stethoscope lifted off chest
Grade 6
43
Grade the murmur Palpable thill Loud Radiates to opposite side
Grade 5
44
It is most common for murmurs to occur when?
During systole - pansystolic - holosystolic
45
What is a gallop?
S3 or S4 sounds Occurring before or after S1 and S2–> usually indicate a “stiff ventricle”
46
What occurs during S4? When is it most commonly heard?
Atrial contraction —> active ventricular filling Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
47
What occurs during S3? When is it most commonly heard?
Passive ventricular filling Dilated cardiomyopathy
48
S3 and S4 are low frequency sounds, and are best heard with what part of the stethoscope ?
Bell
49
A ___________ occurs between S1 and S2. Usually due to a prolapse of an AV valve
Systolic click | High frequency -heard best with diaphragm
50
What are pathologic causes of a split S1?
Bundle branch block Ventricular ectopic beat Mitral/tricuspid stenosis
51
What are pathologic causes of a split S2?
``` Pulmonary hypertension Bundle branch block Ventricular ectopic beats Left-right intracardiac shunt Pulmonic/aortic/mitral stenosis ```
52
What heart sound is often audible in a patient with 3rd degree AV block
S4
53
What are causes of pauses heard in cardiac auscultation ?
Premature beat Sinus arrhythmia 2nd degree AV block Sinus arrest
54
What are causes of increased intensity of heart sound?
Thin body condition Hyperdynamic states: fever, anemia, hyperthyroidism
55
What are causes of decreased intensity of heart sounds?
Obesity Pericardial or plural effusion Intrathoracic mass effect Poor left ventricular contractility
56
Why do a pulmonary auscultation to assess heart function?
Congestive heart failure —> pulmonary edema/plural effusion/pericardial effusion Can hear these on auscultation
57
What sounds may you be able to hear in peracute pulmonary edema ?
Bronchial/bronchovesicular sounds increased
58
What would you be able to hear in severe pulmonary edema?
Crackles/ wheezes
59
If you hear muffled lung sounds ventrally what do you suspect?
Pleural effusion
60
``` In a cat.. absent femoral pulses Paralysis of both hindlimbs Cyanotic paw pads Firm musculature Painful! ``` What is this?
Feline distal aortic thromboembolism “saddle thrombus”
61
What are you primarily looking for in the abdomen when doing a CV exam?
Distention - peritoneal effusion or cranial organomegaly Fluid wave- peritoneal effusion Cranial organomegaly - hepatomegaly is the most common
62
T/F: patients with CHF may have weight/muscle loss
True | -cardiac cachexia
63
If you have a dyspneic patient, how should you conduct your CV exam?
Observe R-respiratory A-ambulation and abdominal distention M-mentation Auscultation Palpate femoral pulse Tentative diagnosis and initiate therapy History Perform diagnostics once respiratory status has improved and is stable

RUSVM SAM 1 (26 decks)

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