Neuro Phys Flashcards
Gag reflex
Ipsilateral glossopharyngeal (afferent) -> bilateral vagus (efferent)
Spinothalamic tract
Carries?
1st order neuron?
pain and temperature sensation
peripheral nerves to posterior horn , cell body in DRG
Dorsal column medial lemniscus
Carries?
1st order neuron?
pressure, touch vibration, proprioception
peripheral nerves to medulla via dorsal column, cell body in DRG
lateral corticospinal
Carries?
1st order neuron?
voluntary movement
Pyramidal neurons in the cortex descent, cross in medullary pyramids,
Synapse on the anterior motor horn of the cord (UMN)
hypothalamospinal
carries?
1st order neuron?
sympathetic input to the face
Arrises from hypothalamus and synapses on lateral horn at T1
2nd order spinothalmic tract
arises from posterior horn, IMMEDIATELY CROSS, in anterior white commissure and ascend in spinothalmic tract to thalamus
3rd order - thalamus to cortex
2nd order dorsal column medial lemniscus
arises from the medulla, crosses LATE and ascends via the medial lemniscus to thalamus
3rd order - thalamus to cortes
2nd order corticospinal
Arises from the anterior motor horn and synapses on muscle (LMN)
2nd order hypothalamospinal
arises from the lateral horn at T1 and synapses on the superior cervical ganglion (sympathetic)
3rd order - superior cervical ganglion to eyelids, pupil and skin of face
Microglial origin
mesoderm - like macrophages
Neural crest cells -> what neural structures?
PNS (CN, DRG, celiac ganglia, ANS) and Schwann Cells
there are other ones….
Neuroectoderm leads -.
CNS neurons, epndymal cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes
Blood brain barrier made of
foot process of astrocytes
BM
non fenestrated endothelia
No BBB where hypothalamus releases ADH or measures osmolarity
Histiologic feature defining neurons
Nissl cebstances in the dendrocytes
HIV infected multinucleate giant cells formed by
microglia
Reactive gliosis preformed by
astrocytes
~fibroblasts in the brain
-ID’ed by GFAP
Cell destroyed in MS
Oligodendrocyte
Cell destroyed in Gulliene Barrie
Schwann Cell
Fried Egg apperance on Hand E (3)
Oligodendrocyte
koliocyte w/ HPV
seminoma
Acustic nurima is
type of schannoma -. internal acoustic meatus of CNVIII
Pathways associated w/ Schizophrenia +/-
mesocortical pathway
mesolimbic pathway
Dopamine
Pathway implicated Parkinsons
Nigrostriatal path (substantial nigra-> neostriatum)
Dopamine
Tuberoinfundibular Pathway
Dopamine path from arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus -> Pituitary leading regulation of prolactin levels
What passes the BBB (4)
Lipophilic substance
- small non polar
Glucose and AA w/ carrier transport
Nucleus accumbens
uses what Vitamin and AA
Creates GABA
-LOW in huntintons
Using glutamate and Vit B6
Locus ceruleus creates?
NE
- high in anxiety
- low in depression
Also reticular formation and solitary tract
Ventral tegmentum of midbrain creates?
Dopamine
Also SNc
Decreased dopamine in parkinsons and depression
Raphe nucleus in the pons makes?
5HT
Basal nucleus of meynert makes?
ACh
increased in REM sleep and parkinsons
Glycine?
inhibitory NT of the Spinal Cord
Glutamate?
excitatory NT of CNS
Arcuate nucleus
Hypothalamus
releases dopamine and GnRh
Lateral nucleus
hypothalamus
Hunger
-inhibited by leptin
Destruction -> anorexia
Ventromedial nucleus
hypothalamus
Satiety
-stimulated by leptin
Destruction -> hyperphagia - >excessive eating
Anterior hypothalamus(2) hypothalamus
Cooling (A/C)
parasympathetic stim
Posterior hypothalamus(2) hypothalamus
Heating
sympathetic stim
Dorsal medial nucleus
hypothalamus
Stimulates the GI
works w/ VMN
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
hypothalamus
master clock
circadium rhythm
Preoptic nucleus
hypothalamus
Secreted GnRH -> FSH and LH
Supraotic nucleus
hypothalamus
ADH release
Paraventricular nucleus
hypothalamus
Oxytocin
- give synthetic ptocin for Uterine contraction and clamping down the uterus after birth to control bleeding
Mammary body
in hypothalamus
contains hemorhagicc lesion of Wernicke encephalopathy
Melatonin
secreted by pineal gland during period of darkness
also follows circadian rhythm
Limbic system and at the 5 Fs
Feeding Fleeing fighting Fucking Feeling
Anxiety is due to these changes in NTs (3)
increased NE
decreased 5Ht
decreased GABA
Stages of Sleep and EEG (6)
awake-beta relaxing- alpha NI- Theta NII - Sleep spindle and K complexes NIII- Delta REM - Beta
Night terrors and bed wetting found in
NIII
Rx w/ benzos or imiprimine
Bruxism is what and where is it found
Teeth grinding in stage II sleep
Sleep enuresis can be treated w/
imiprimine (TCA)
Desmopressin - ADH
paramedian pontine reticular formation is important in sleep when?
rapid eye movement in REM
Depressed sleep changes (4)
decreased REM latency and increased REM early in sleep cycle
repeated nighttime awakenings and early morning awakening
low slow sleep
Narcolepsy characterized by what sleep cycle
Rx:
Awake -> REM
- Cateplexy and Hallucinations
Tx w/ modafinil
-nightime sodium oxybate
Insomina Rx
1st line
Benzo alternative Rx? (3)
antihistamines
Zolpidem
Zaleplon
eszopiclone - long term
Tounge nerves Anterior 2/3 taste? Anterior 2/3 sensation Posterior taste? posterior sensation
Facial nerve
trigeminal - mandibular branch
glossopharyngeal
glossopharyngeal
Vagus is taste in epiglotic
Olfactory nerve exits
cribiform plate
Lesions of the olfactory nerve (2)
cribiform plate frature
Kallman syndrom e9infertile as well)
Exits the superior orbital fissure (4)
Occulomotor
Trochlear
trigeminal opthalmic branch
abducens
Trigeminal maxillary branch exits
foramen rotundum
Trigeminal mandibular branch exits
foramen ovale
2 nerves exiting internal acoustic meatus
facial
vestibularcochlear nerve
3 nerves exiting the jugular foramen
glossopharyngeal
vagus
spinal accessory nerve
Hypoglosseal nerve exits the
hypoglosseal canal
Cranial nuclei of midbrain
3 occulomotor
4 trochlear
Cranial nuclei of the pons
5 trigeminal
6 abducens
7 facial
8 vestibularchochlear
Cranial nuclei of the medulla
9 Glossopharyngeal
10 Vagus
12 hypoglosseal
Cranial nuclei of spinal cord
11 accessory
Muscles of mastication
- open
- close
- nerve
open - lateral petrygoid
close - temporal is, masseter, medial pterygoid
V3 - mandibular branch of trigeninal
5 branches of facial nerve
To Zanzibar By Motor Car
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal mandibular Cervical
Parotid gland innervation
glossopharyngeal
Submandibular and sublingual innervation
facial nerve