DIT Micro Bacteria Flashcards
lipoteichoic acid is found where and leads to what?
found in gram + cell walls and leads to, IL1 IL6, TNF alpha
Lipopolysacharide is found where and causes what?
found in gram -
Contains lipid A - lysed ->
and leads to IL1, IL6, and TNF alpha
Transpeptidase is?
an enzyme that is targeted that links peptide side chains together to make peptidylglycan wall
Ribosomal sub units of prokaryotes
30s and 50s -> 70s
s refers to sedimentation not units
Bacterial w/ capsules (8+1)
Even Some Nasty Killers Have Pretty Shiny Bodies
E Coli -some Streptococcus pneumonia* Nisseria meningitis* Klebsiella Hamophelis influenza* Pseudomonas aerugenosa Salmonella typhi Group B strep
SHiN
Cryptococcus neoformis - fungi
Splenectomy leads to what concerns?
Of encapsulated bugs
Make sure vaccinated agains SHiN bugs
Only fungus that is encapsulated ?
Stain?
Causes?
Cryptococcus neoformis
India ink
meningitis in AIDS
Bacteria w/out a cell wall
myocplasma
- high sterol count
Bacteria w. high lipid count in cell wall making it difficult to gram stain
Mycobacteria
contains mycolic acid
6 bugs that do not gram stain well
Treponema - too thin - dark field instead Ricketsia - intracellular Chlamydia - intracellular Mycobacteria - high lipid content Mycoplasma - no cell wall Legionella - intracellular
Silver stain useful for which 2 organisms
Legionella
Pneumocystis
Zeil neelsen positive organisms?(2)
Acid fast stain
Mycobacteria
Norcardia
Giemsa stain useful for? (5)
Chlamydia Borrelia Ricketsia Trypanosomes Plamodium
Positive Quelleng Test in
Bugs w/ capsules
E Coli -some Streptococcus pneumonia* Nisseria meningitis* Klebsiella Hamophelis influenza* Pseudomonas aerugenosa Salmonella typhi Group B strep
3 organisms capable of taking in naked DNA from the environment
SHiN can do Transformation
Streptococcus pneumonia
Hamophelous influenza
Nesseria meningitis
Spore forming bacteria (2 families)
gram +
Bacillus
- anthacis
- cereus
Clostridium
- perfinges
- botulinum
- tetani
Lipid A endotoxin found where?
Leads to activation of what 3 pathways
in the LPS wall of gram -
Macrophage activation
- IL1, IL6 -> fever
- TNF alpha -> fever and hypotension
- Nitric Oxide -> vasodialation
Complement
- C3a -> hypotension/edema (histamine)
- C5a -> PMN chemotaxis
Activates tissue factor -> coag + DIC
Macrophage activation post Lipid A encounter leads to (3)
Septic shock
- IL1, IL6 -> fever
- TNF alpha -> fever and hypotension
- Nitric Oxide -> vasodialation
Also have complement and tissue factor activation
Complement activation in septic shock gram -
- C3a -> hypotension/edema (histamine)
- C5a -> PMN chemotaxis
Macrophage activation and tissue factor as well
Why is gram - septic shock lead to DIC?
Activates tissue factor -> coag + DIC
Two gram + bacteria associated w/ super antigens and their respective antigen
Staph aureous
-TSST1
Streptococaal pyrogenes
- pyrogenic toxin A-C
Superantigens binds to (2)
leads to?
MHC II and TCR
leads to polycolonal T cel activation
2 toxins associated w/ inactivation of E2F
Diptheria on Corynebacterium dipheriae
Exotoxin A on Pseudomonas aerugunosa
2 toxins that inactivate 60s ribosome leading to HUS
Shiga toxin in shigella
Shiga like toxin in EHEC
Hemolytic uremic syndrome is characterized by what 3 symptoms and found w/which 2 bugs
thrombocytopenia
hemolytoc anemia
acute renal failure
Shigella and EHEC (O157:H70
2 toxins -> Over activates adenylate cyclase -> increased cAMP -> Cl secretion and diarrhea
Cholera toxin in vibrio Toxin
heat labile toxin in ETEC
heat stable toxin is found where and leads to what
found in ETEC also
leads to diarrhea due to increase of guanate cyclase action and increasing cGMP and decreased NaCL reabsorbtion
Edema factor, lethal factor and protective antigen make up?
Bacillus anthra toxin -> edemotous border and black eschar
Activation of Gs via this toxin leads to 12-20 L of fluid loss per day
Cholera
overactivationof adenylate cyclase -> increased cAMP and Cl excretion
~ HL toxin in ETEC
activation of Gi by this toxin leads to
Pertussis
100 day cough in adults and wooping in kids
inactivation of Gi leads to increase adenylate cyclase and increased cAMP
Neurotoxins are secreted by which family.
What are their 2 toxin and MOA
Clostridium, both cleave SNARE proteins holding vesicles of NT near the synapse
Clostriudum tetani -> tetanospasim toxin, blocks GABA and glycine release (spasm)
Clostridium botulinum -> butulinum toxin, blocks release of ACh (flaccid)
Clostridium botulinum has 2 food borne associations w/ dif mechanisms of action
spores in honey -> floppy baby
Eneterotoxins in canned foods -> diarrhea in adults
Alpha toxin is found where and leads to what 2 problems
Clostridum perfinges
degradation of phospholipid C ->
- myonecosis
- gas gangrene
Streptolysin O and S are associated w/ what organism and leads to what
Streptococcal pharynges
hemolysis
O being oxygen labile -ASO titre
S being stable
Scarlet fever is due to
differs from rheumatic fever how?
Streptococcal pyrogenes -> erythrogenic and pyrogenic toxins
Rheumatic fever is an immune response weeks later due to cross reactivity to the M antigen
Spores are formed during what part of the bacterial graph
Stationary, plateau
Penicillins and cephasporins work best at what stage of infection
exponential growth phase
7 bugs that secrete enterotoxins(watery diarrhea/ electrolyte imbalances)
Staph aureus Vibrio cholera ETEC Shigella Yessernia enterolita Clostridium perfinges Clostridium difficle
Enterotoxin producing bacteria that may mimic appendicitis
Prefers what environment
Yessernia enterocolitica
colder temps - fridge, do not kill it
Leukocodin is what and found where
exotoxin made by Staph aureus that kills leukocytes
2 types - delta and panton valentine
Protein A is found where and responsible for what? (2)
Found in Staph aureus and associated w/ hemolysis
also binds to Fc-IgG inhibiting opsonization and phagocytosis
type of hemolysin along w/ Protein B
3 main branches of gram +
Cocci
-Staph and Strep
Rods
- Clostridium
- Bacillus
- corynebacterium
- Listeria
- Mycobacterium
Branching filaments
- actinomyces
- Nocardia
Catalase test is what and used to seperate
Breaks down H2O2 into CO2 and H20
Separates cocci Staph (+) and Strep (-)
Coagulase test is what and used to separate which 3 organisms
how do you differentiate the last 2?
Whether gram + bunches together blood or not, also used to coat w/ fibrin to protect itself
S. aurous is (+)
S. epidermidis (-)
-(novobiocin sensitive)
S. straphrolyticus (-)
-novobiocin resistant
S. saphrolyticus is known for causing
UTIS
common aerobic bug found complicating prosthetic valves and joints
S. epidermidis
Partial hemolysis streptococcus (2)
differentiate how?
S pneumonia
- Optochin +
- Capsule (quelleng)
S. mutans
Complete beta hemolysis strep (2)
Differentiate how?
Group A -S pyrogenes
-bacitracin sensitive
Group B -S Agalactiae
-bacitracin resistant
gamma hemoysis gram + organisms (3)
Enterococcus Group D
E. faeceium
E. faecalis
S bolvis
Branching Filament Gram Positive organisms (2)
differ how?
Actinomyces
-anaerobic
Nocardia
-aerobic
acid fast
Gram + rods (5)
Spore formers
- Clostridium
- Bacillus
Nonspore
- listeria
- corynebacterium
Mycobacteria - acid fast
Bug forming yellow sulfur ganules
Actinomyces israleii
Bug staining the bandages blue-green
Pseudomonas aergunosa
Remember pseudo loves water
S aureous creates what colored pigment?
Yellow
Au = gold
Serratia marcescens is associated w/ what pigment?
Red
Toxin mediated Staph aureous infections?(3)
Enterotoxin - fast food poisoning
TSS1T - toxic shock syndrome
exfolotoxin - scalded skin syndrome
Staph virulence factor that binds to Pc-Ig inhibiting obsinization
Protein A
Gram + dipplococci think
Strep pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumonia most commonly causes (4)
MOPS
Meningitis - community aquired, elderly
Otitis media - kids
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
IgA protease is found in ?
Staph aureus
Nesseria meningitis
H influenza
2 virulence factors of strep pneumo
Encapsulated
IgA protease
Rusty colored suptum
Pneumonia w/ Strep pneumo
Concern of sepsis w/ these 2 patients w/ S pneumonia
Splenectomy
Sickle cell
3 classifications of diseases due to Strep pyrogenes- total of (8)
Pyrogenic
- Impetigo
- cellulitis
- pharyngitis
Toxin mediated
- scarlet fever
- Toxic shock
- necrotizing fascitiis
immunologic
- rheumatic heart disease
- glomerulonephritis
Cellulitis and impetigo most often due to(2)
S. pyrogenes
S. aures
Glomerulonephritis can be seen a week after this infection
Strep pneumonia
either pharyngitis or cellulite/impetigo
Rheumatic fever due to ?
Diagnosed by?
Molecular mimicry to the M antigen of Strep pyrogens
J - joints, polyarthritis O - heart - pancarditis N - nodules - sub Q E - Erythema migratans S - sydenhams Chorea
ASO titer preformed to check for
S pyogenes
3 main worries w/ Group B in babies
Test what?
Meningitis #1
Pneumonia
Sepsis
CAMP factor
Strep bovis in the blood be concerned w?
Strep bovis also causes
Colon cancer
Sub acute endocarditis
Enterococci Group D causes
UTI and sub acute endocarditis
resisitant to treatment when found where it shouldn’t be
grows in 6.5% NaCl and bile
Enterococci Grop D
- E facecalis
- E Faecum
Grows in 6.5% NaCl but NOT bile
S bolvi
ADP ribosylation of EF2 is due to?
dyptheria exotoxin or pseudomonas exotocin A
Rx for dyptherisa(3)
ABx
- erythromycin/penicillin
- anti toxin
- Vaccine
Club shaped baceria
corynebacterium
Obligate anaerobic bacteria (3)
Clostridium
Bacteriodes
Actinomyes
lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase
Rx - metronidazole and clindamycin
Rx for obligate anaerobic bacteria(2)
Rx - metronidazole and clindamycin
Clostridium
Bacteriodes
Actinomyes
Toxin A enterotoxin and Toxin B
causing cytotoxin destruction(kills enterocytes)
C difficile
- leading to psudomembranous colitis due to binding
small papule leading to bleach eschar surrounded by edema due to?
Bacillus anthacis
- cutaneous
Woolsorter w/ flu like symptoms that rapidly progress to fever, pulmonary hemorrhage and shock caused by?
CXR shows ?
Pulmonary bacillus anthacis
->mediastinal widening
Only bacterium w/ a polypeptide (D glutamate) capsule?
B anthracsis
B cereus cause what pathology(2)?
Emetic type
- w/ rice and pasta w/in 1-5 hrs -due to a toxin
diarrheal type
-non bloody w/in 8-18 hrs
Spores survive heating and -> toxin production
Neonatal disease bugs biggest concern (3)
Step B
E coli
listeria
listeria affects who (4)
Neonates
inmmuncompromised
elderly
pregnant women -> neonatal death
Listeria monocytogens can reside in what cell?
Monocytes
faculative intracellular
move by actin rockets
Gram + anaerobe that has large branching filaments that cause oral/fascial abscesses?
Characteristic color?
Actinomyces israllii
yellow sulfur granules
Partially acid fast positive bacteria w/ large branching filaments that is aerobic?
Causes?(2)
Nocardia
pulmonary infection and cutaneous infection in the immune compromised
Gram - dipplocci
Nesseria
Urease +
Gram - coccii (3)
Nesseria meningitidis,
Nesseria gonorrhoeea
Morallela catarrlis
Cocciod Rod (gram -)
4
Haemophilus influnezae
Bordetella pertussis
Pasturella
Brucella
Gram - rods (10)
Broken up by
Lactose fermenters- FAST
- Klebsiella
- E Coli
- Enterococcii
Lactose femermenters -SLOW
-Citrobacter
Serratia
Lactose NON fermentors
- Shigella
- Salmonella
- Protease
- Pseudomonas*
- H pylori*
Gram - rods Lactose nonfermentors(5)
broken up by?
Oxidase -
- Shigella
- Salmonella
- Proteus
Oxidase +
- Psuedomonas
- H pylori
Gram - rods Lactose fermentors (5)
Broken up by
Fast
- Klebsiella
- E coli
- Enterobacter
Slow
- Citrobacter
- Serratia
Gram - comma shaped (2)
-Oxidase +
Unique characteristic of each?
Camplobacter jejuni
-grows at 42 degrees C
Vibrio Cholera
-grows in alkaline material
Nesseria that does not have a capsule?
gonococci and thus no vaccine
Prophylactiv Rx for N meningitidis (3)
Definitive (2)
Prophylactic
- rifampin
- cipro
- ceftriaxone
Ceftriaxone definitive
Adrenal hemorrhage is due to this bug,
Called?
waterhouse friderichsen syndrome
due to N meningitis
sniffing dog position and thumb sign on CXR may indicate what by what organism?
Epiglotitis
by Haemophilus influenza
Haemophilus influenza causes (5)
Epiglottis - Cherry red Meningitis Otisis media sinusitis Pneumonia
IgA protease
chocolate agar w/ V and X
Culturing requires a chocolate agar w/ factors V and X
Haemophilus influenza
Vaccine avaialable
Small painful lesion, solitary, on the genitalia?
Haemophilus ducreyi
Legionella can be detected through what 2 tests?
Silver stain
antigen in urine
Legionella pneumophila spreads via
aerosolized water
NOT person to person
Grows on a charcoal yeast extract culture w/ iron and cysteine
Legionella pneumophilia
atypical pneumonia w/ fever and GI symptoms that does not gram stain
legionella
Erythema gangreosum (black escar) seen w/ a sepsis think of?
- may be a burn patient
PSeudomonas
Special victims of pseudomonas (3)
Burn victims
CF
Diabetics
Pseudomonas causes
Pneumonia- CF Spepsis External otitis - swimmer UTI Diabetic Osteomylitis
Triple Therapy in gram - nonlactose fermentor causing increased risk for Lymphoma and gastric adenocarcinoma
Helicobacter pylori
Use
- PPI
- Clarithromycin
- Amoxicillin/metronidazole
Breath test for gastric ulcer takes advantage of what feature of this organism
Urease + -> alkaline environment
H pylori
osteromyolitis in sickle cell disease
maybe after a diarrheal illness
Salmonella
diarrhea caused by gram - non motile organism that does not ferment lactose
shigella
diarrhea caused by gram - motile organism that doesn’t ferment lactose
Salmonella
MacConkey agar turns pink w/ this enzyme
lactose fermenters
- like E coli, klebsiella etc
Heat labile and heat stabile toxin are produced by this bacteria and lead to the same result by different mech
Rx
ETEC e coli -
- floroquinolones
Heat labile increase cAMP
~cholera
Heat stabile increases cGMP
Has a shigella like toxin leading to HUS but is lactose fermenting
EHEC O157-H7
Does not ferment sorbitol
HUS - anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure
(mech hemolysis, low renal flow and platelet consumption)
Diarrhea seen in kids due to adherence, no invasion
EPEC
Diarrhea due to invasion causing necrosis and inflammation similar to shigella
EIEC
Rx floroquinilones, TMP/SMX
Shigella presentation progression
Starts as water diarrhea that becomes bloody as the toxn does its work and then have invasion leading to fever
No flagella, very virulent
- food to water spread
produces hydrogen sulfide and has a flagella causing diarrhea
Salmonella
Picinic and egg salad or chicken was consumed causing diarrhea 1-3 days later
salmonella