Neuro - Neurological emergencies Flashcards
Def status epilepticus
Life-threatening neuro condition - 5 or more mins of either continuous seizure activity or seizure activity w/o gaining consciousness
RF status epilepticus (4)
Non-adherence to anticonvulsant Dx
Chronic alcoholism
Refractory epilepsy
Toxic/metabolic causes
1st step Mx status epilepticus
A-E
High flow O2
BM
Temp
Establish Hx /collateral Hx
IV access
2nd step Mx status epilepticus
After 5 mins
Buccal midazolam or IV lorazepam
3rd step Mx status epilepticus
After another 10 mins - give 2nd dose of benzos
Make sure anaesthatist has been called
4th step Mx status epilepticus
IV phenytoin 18mg/kg
Max = 50mg /min
Acute causes of NM ventilatory compromise
GBS
Myasthenic crisis
Chronic causes of NM ventilatory compromise
MND
Myotonic dystrophy
Sx NM ventilatory compromise (7)
Resp failure
Weak cough
Paradoxical diaphragm movement
Breathless when flat
Use of accessory mm
Incr RR
Can’t clear secretions
Bedside Ix NM ventilatory compromise (2)
VITAL CAPACITY!!!
ABG
ABG results acute NM ventilatory compromise
pH <7.35
PO2 <8
PCO2 >6
Bicarb = low/norm
ABG results chronic NM ventilatory compromise
pH norm
PCO2 >6
Bicarb >26mmol/L
What is a primary traumatic brain injury
Immediate result of trauma
What is a secondary traumatic brain injury
From complications of the trauma
I.e. hypoxia, ischaemia, haematoma
Def concussion
Transient LOC but no persistent neuro signs
Features of concussion
Temporary confusion/amnesia
PS diffuse axonal injury
Decr [ ]/memory
Personality change
Mx diffuse axonal injury
Supportive
2 types of damage in focal brain injury
Coup + counter-coup
What is post-concussion syndrome
Dizziness
Headache
Decr [ ]/memory
Mx post-concussion syndrome
Physio + OT helps
Assessment of someone with suspected head injury
C-Spine
A-E
Record GCS
Hx if conscious
Check for signs incr ICP
Imaging - CT/C spineXR
Signs of declining neurological status after head injury (5)
Decr in GCS
Pupil changes
Development of focal signs
Change in resp rate
Cushings sign - decr pulse but incr BP
Why does Cushings signs occur?
Pressure on medulla oblongata
Bilateral pupil changes after head injury signify
Pre-terminal
Who must have a CT head within an hour? (7)
If GCS <13 on admission
or <15 at 2hrs
Focal neuro deficit
Incr ICP
Suspected skull #
Post-trauma seizure
Vom >1
Who must have CT head within 8hrs (4)
Anti-coag’d
LOC + :
+65 y/o
Dangerous mechanism
Retrograde amnesia >30 mins before injury
Which bone is involved in a posterior fossa fracture?
Temporal bone
What is Battle’s sign
Bruising over mastoid
PS posterior fossa fracture
Battles sign
CSF otorrhoea
Bleeding in ear
Conductive deafness
CN palsy 5-7
Mx posterior fossa fracture
Rx to neurosurgery
What bones are involved in an anterior fossa fracture
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
PS anterior fossa fracture
Raccoon eyes
CSF rhinorrhoea
Bleeding from nose
Mx anterior fossa #
Rx to neurosurgery
Complications fossa # (3)
Intracranial infection
Facial nn palsy
Carotid injury
Mx depression skull #
Surgical exploration within 12hrs
GCS - E4
Open eyes spontaneously
GCS - E3
Open eyes to speech
GCS - E2
Open eyes to pain
GCS - E1
No response
GCS - V5
Oriented to time, person + place
GCS - V4
Confused
GCS - V3
Inapprop words
GCS V2
Incomprehensible sounds
GCS V1
No response
GCS M6
Obeys command
GCS M5
Moves to localised pain
GCS M4
Flex to withdraw from pain
GCS M3
Abnormal flexion
GCS M2
Abnormal extension
GCS M1
No response
DDx - unconscious pt
Vascular (stroke,shock,haematoma, SAH)
Infective - sepsis, meningitis, encephalitis, abscess
Trauma
Autoimmune - BS demyelination
Metabolic - gllucose, Ca, Na
Neoplasm
What does Cheyne stokes breathing indicated
Coning
What does Kussmal resp indicate
Acidosis
or
Uraemia
Cause of extradural haemorrhage
Blow to side of head
Which artery is classically affected in extradural haemorrhage
MMA
PS extradural haemorrhage (4)
brief LOC
Lucid phase
Progressive hemiparesis + stupor
Coning - dilated pupil
If unTx, how can extra-dural haemorrhage progress
To hemiplegia + resp arrest
Ix findings extradural haemorrhage
CT - lemon shape
Mx extradural haemorrhage
Urgent Rx neurosurgery
Burr hole
What is hydrocephalus
Excessive CSF within cranium
What are the 2 types of hydrocephalus
Non-communicating
Communicating
What is non-communicating hydrocephalus due to?
Blockage of CSF pathway from ventricles to SAS
What is communicating hydrocephalus due to?
impairment of CSF reabsorption in arachnoid villi
Infection/SAH
Who are the 3 pt groups at risk of suffering from hydrocephalus?
Congen malformations - stensis aqueduct of sylvius
tumour (post fossa/BS)
Post brain assault (SAH/head injury/meningitis)
PS of acute hydrocephalus
Headache
Vom
Papilloedema
Ataxia
Bilatereal pyramidal signs
Ix acute hydrocephalus
CT
MRI if suspect tumour
Mx acute hydrocephalus
Acetazolamide +/- furosemide
Surgical shunt
What are the 2 types of shunts used in hydrocephalus Mx ?
Ventriculo-arterial
Ventriculo-peritoneal
What is normal pressure hydrocephalus?
syndrome of enlarged lat ventricles which usually presents in elderly t
What is the clinical triad seen in normal pressure hydrocephalus
WACKY, WEEING, WOBBLY
Dementia
Urinary incontinence
Apraxic gait
What is an apraxic gait
Slow
Broad based
Shuffling