Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MRCS A > ANATOMY - Thorax p1 > Flashcards

ANATOMY - Thorax p1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the mediastinum between?

A

pleural sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how is the mediastinum divided in half?

A

by an imaginary line between the sternal angle –> T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how is the inferior mediastinum further divided?

A

anterior
middle
posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

superior border superior mediastinum

A

thoracic inlet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

inferior border superior mediastinum

A

inferior mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

anterior border superior mediastinum

A

manubrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

posterior border superior mediastinum

A

VB T1-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lateral border superior mediastinum

A

lung pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

contents superior mediastinum

A

arch of aorta + 3 branches (BCA, LCCA, LSCA)
SVC + tributaries - BCV, L sup intercostal v, supreme intercostal vv, azygous vv,
R + L vagus, L recurrent laryngeal nn
phrenic nn
cardiac nn –> sup + deep plexus
symp trunk
thymus
trachea + bifurcation point (T5)
oesophagus
thoracic duct (to left of oesoph)
sternohyoid, sternothyroid, inferior aspect longus colli mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

most anterior structure superior mediastinum

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

lateral border anterior mediastinum

A

pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

anterior border anterior mediastinum

A

body sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

posterior border anterior mediastinum

A

pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

roof border anterior mediastinum

A

sup mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

floor border anterior mediastinum

A

diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

contents anterior mediastinum

A

loose CT
fat
lymphatic vessels
LN
branches internal thoracic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what structure can be found in the anterior mediastinum in children ?

A

thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

anterior border middle mediastinum

A

ant margin pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

posterior border middle mediastinum

A

posterior margin pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lateral border middle mediastinum

A

pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

superior border middle mediastinum

A

sup mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

inferior border middle mediastinum

A

diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

contents middle mediastinum

A

heart/pericardium
tracheal birfurc T5
ascending aorta –> L+R coronary aa
pulmonary trunk –> R + L pulmonary aa
SVC
Cardiac plexus (at base of heart)
L + R Phrenic nn
tracheobronchial LN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

lateral border posterior mediastinum

A

pleural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

anterior border posterior mediastinum

A

pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

posterior border posterior mediastinum

A

T5-12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

roof border posterior mediastinum

A

sup mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

floor border posterior mediastinum

A

diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

contents posterior mediastinum

A

descending aorta + major branches: post intercostal aa, bronchial aa, oesophageal aa, sup phrenic aa
azygous system - 3 major vv - azygous vv, hemiazygos vv, accessory hemiazygos vv
oesophagus
oesophageal plexus
thoracic duct
sympathic trunks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

contents posterior mediastinum

A

descending aorta + major branches: post intercostal aa, bronchial aa, oesophageal aa, sup phrenic aa
azygous system - 3 major vv - azygous vv, hemiazygos vv, accessory hemiazygos vv
oesophagus
oesophageal plexus
thoracic duct
sympathic trunks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the largest lymph vessel in the body?

A

thoracic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where does the thoracic duct originate from?

A

cisterna chyli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where does the thoracic duct lie?

A

anterior to T6-12
deviates left to enter the sup mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what 2 veins form to make the azygos vein?

A

R. lumbar + R subcostal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where does the azygos vein enter the mediastinum?

A

aortic hiatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what 2 veins form the hemiazygos veins?

A

L lumbar
L subcostal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

when does the hemiazygos vein join the azygos vein?

A

at T8 when it turns right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what veins form the accessory hemiazygos vein?

A

union 4th-8th intercostal veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

when does the accessory hemiazygos vein join the azygos vein?

A

at T7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

how many rib pairs are there?

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what do ribs terminate anteriorly as?

A

costal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are the 3 sections of a typical rib?

A

head, neck, body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are the 4 points of interest on a typical rib?

A

superior articular facet
inferior articular facet
tubercle costal groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

role of superior articular facet of rib

A

articulates with vertebra above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

role of the inferior articular facet of rib

A

articulates with numerically corresponding vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

role of tubercle of rib

A

articulates with numerically corresponding vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

role of costal groove rib

A

for intercostal vv, aa, nn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

which are the atypical ribs? (5)

A

1
2
10
11
12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is atypical about rib 1?

A

shorter + wider
only 1 articular facet
on superior surface has 2 grooves for subclavian vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is atypical about rib 2?

A

thinner and longer
roughened area upper surface where the serratus anterior originates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is atypical about rib 10

A

only 1 facet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is atypical about rib 11/12

A

no neck
1 facet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what are the 2 posterior articulations of the ribs?

A

costotransverse joint - tubercle –> transverse costal facet
costovertebral joint - sup costal facet of same vvert + inf costal facet vertebrae above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

anterior articulation ribs 1-7

A

to sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

anterior articulation ribs 8-10

A

costal cartilages superior to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

anterior articulation ribs 11 + 12

A

no anterior attachments
hence floating ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

name of top depression of manubrium

A

jugular notch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what part of the sternum articulates with the clavicle to form the sternoclavicular joint?

A

manubrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

level of sternal angle

A

2nd CC
T4/5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

name of joint between manubrium and body of sternum

A

manubriosternal joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

name of joint between body of sternum and xiphoid process

A

xiphisternal joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

up to what age is the xiphoid process largely cartilaginous?

A

40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what spinal level is the tip of the xiphoid process?

A

T10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

why do sternal fractures have a high mortality rate? (up to 45%)

A

due to being concurrent with damage to viscera underneath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

why are sternal fractures usually undisplaced?

A

due to attachment to pectoralis mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

how many thoracic vertebra

A

12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what do the costal facets of T1-10 articulate with?

A

tubercle rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what to the thoracic demifacets articulate with?

A

head of rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what are the thoracic demifacets lined with?

A

cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

unique ligaments to thoracic spine - radiate ligament head of rib

A

head of rib to bodies of 2 vertebra + IVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

unique ligaments to thoracic spine - costotransverse ligament

A

neck of rib to TP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

unique ligaments to thoracic spine - lateral costotransverse ligament

A

TP to tubercle rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

unique ligaments to thoracic spine - superior costotransverse ligament

A

upper border neck of rib –> TP of vertebra superior to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

how many pairs of external intercostal muscles?

A

11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

in which direction do the external intercostal muscles run?

A

inferoanteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what muscle of the abdomen are the external intercostal muscles continuous with?

A

external obliques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

origin/insertion external intercostal muscles

A

lower border rib –> sup border rib below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

action external intercostal muscles

A

elevate ribs
increase thoracic volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

innervation external intercostal muscles

A

intercostal nn T1-11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

are the internal intercostal muscles superficial or deep to the external intercostal muscles?

A

deep

81
Q

in what direction do the internal intercostal muscles run?

A

inferoposterior

82
Q

what abdominal muscle are the internal intercostal muscles continuous with?

A

internal obliques

83
Q

origin/insertion internal intercostal muscles

A

lateral edge costal groove –> sup surface to rib below

84
Q

action internal intercostal muscles

A

decrease thoracic volume and elevate ribs

85
Q

innervation internal intercostal muscles

A

internal nn T1-11

86
Q

how are the internal and innermost intercostal muscles separated?

A

by NV bundle (intercostal tunnel) containing intercostal aa,vv, nn

87
Q

origin/insertion innermost intercostal muscles

A

medial edge costal groove –> sup surface rib below

88
Q

action innermost intercostal muscles

A

decrease thoracic volume
elevate ribs

89
Q

innervation innermost intercostal muscles

A

intercostal nn T1-11

90
Q

what muscle is the transversus thoracis muscle continuous with inferiorly?

A

tranversus abdominis

91
Q

origin/insertion transversus thoracis

A

posterior surface inferior sternum –> internal surface CC 2-6

92
Q

action transversus thoracis

A

weakly depresses ribs

93
Q

innervation transversus thoracis

A

intercostal nn T2-6

94
Q

direction of subcostal mm fibres in comparison to innermost intercostal mm

A

parallel

95
Q

origin/insertion subcostal mm

A

inferior surface lower ribs (near angle) –> sup border rib 2/3 or below

96
Q

action subcostal mm

A

elevates ribs
decreases thoracic vol

97
Q

innervation subcostal mm

A

intercostal nn T1-11

98
Q

what are the 2 main functions of the diaphragm

A

separate thoracic cavity from abdocavity
insp/exp

99
Q

what are the 3 peripheral attachments of the diaphragm?

A

lumbar vertebra/arcuate ligaments
costal cartilages ribs 7-10
xiphoid process sternum

100
Q

where does the R crus of the diaphragm arise from ?

A

L1-3
+ IVD

101
Q

where does the L crus of the diaphragm arise from?

A

L1-2
IVD

102
Q

what does the central tendon of the diaphragm fuse with

A

inferior surface fibrous pericardium

103
Q

level caval hiatus diaphragm

A

T8

104
Q

what passes through caval hiatus (2)

A

IVC
Terminal branches phrenic nn

105
Q

level oesophageal hiatus diaphragm

A

T10

106
Q

what passes through oesophageal hiatus (3)

A

oesophagus
R + L CNX
oesophageal branches of L gastric aa vv

107
Q

level aortic hiatus diaphragm

A

t12

108
Q

what passes through aortic hiatus (3)

A

aorta
thoracic duct
azygos vv

109
Q

innervation of diaphragm

A

phrenic nn
C3-5

110
Q

aa supply diaphragm

A

inferior phrenic aa is MAIN
also:
sup phrenic
pericardiophrenic
musculophrenic

111
Q

what is inferior phrenic aa a branch of?

A

abdominal aorta

112
Q

vv supply diaphragm

A

follow aa hence
inferior phrenic aa is MAIN
also:
sup phrenic
pericardiophrenic
musculophrenic

113
Q

how many valves in the superior vena cava?

A

valveless HENCE 0

114
Q

where is the SVC taking blood to and from?

A

from upper body
to Right Atrium

115
Q

which 2 veins form the SVC and at what level

A

L + R BCV
1st RCC

116
Q

position of SVC in superior mediastinum

A

behind intercostal spaces
to the right of aorta + trachea

117
Q

position of SVC in middle mediastinum

A

enters at level of 2nd CC
here = surrounded by fibrous pericardium

118
Q

what level does the SVC terminate to empty into the RA?

A

3rd CC

119
Q

other tributaries to the SVC (apart from BVC) (4)

A

azygos vv (enters T4)
mediastinal vv
osoeophageal vv
pericardial vv

120
Q

why are JVP and SVC related?

A

as the SVC is valveless
pressure from RA = conducted up into IJV

121
Q

causes of JVP raise (3)

A

R sided HF
pulmonary HTN
SVC obstruction

122
Q

why is the SVC vulnerable to compression?

A

thin walled
low pressure

123
Q

common causes of SVC compression ? (3)

A

lung cancer
mets
lymphoma

124
Q

Sx SVC compression

A

swelling neck face upper limbs
SOB
distention vv

125
Q

how to assess SVC compression

A

Pembertonsw test
pt raises both arms
above head 1 min
+ve –> facial oedema/cyanosis occur

126
Q

where does the aorta receive blood from?

A

LV

127
Q

what are the 4 sections of the aorta>

A

ascending
arch
thoracic (descending)
abdominal

128
Q

what level does the aorta terminate and what does it become

A

L4
L + R common iliac aa

129
Q

where does the ascending aorta arise from

A

aortic orifice LV

130
Q

what are the branches of the ascending aorta

A

L + R aortic sinuses at level of aortic valve –> R + L coronary aa

131
Q

what level does the aortic arch begin

A

2nd CC

132
Q

what level does the aortic arch end?

A

T4

133
Q

what connects the aortic arch to the pulmonary trunk ?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

134
Q

what is the ligamentum arteriosum a remnant of?

A

ductus arteriosus

135
Q

branches of aortic arch

A

BC trunk
L SCA
L CCA

136
Q

what does the BC trunk supply?

A

R side H+N
R upper limb

137
Q

what does the L SCA supply

A

L upper limb

138
Q

What does the L CCA supply

A

L H+N

139
Q

what part of the aortic arch does CoA tend to happen

A

at insertion of ligamentum arteriosum

140
Q

level thoracic aorta spans between

A

T4 –> T12

141
Q

level abdominal aorta spans between

A

T12-L4

142
Q

paired arteries thoracic aorta? (2)

A

intercostal aa
sup phrenic aa

143
Q

how many pairs of intercostal arteries are there?

A

9

144
Q

role intercostal aa

A

supply intercostal spaces
also contribute to vertebra, back mm, body wall + skin

145
Q

which intercostal spaces are not supplied by intercostal arteries (and what supplies them instead)

A

1 + 2
supplied by SCA

146
Q

what do the sup phrenic aa supply

A

diaphragm (sup)
contribute to vertebra, back mm, body wall + skin

147
Q

what are the 4 unpaired aa of the thoracic aorta?

A

bronchial aa
pericardial aa
oesophageal aa
mediastinal aa

148
Q

what does the bronchial aa supply

A

air passages respiratory tract, lung tissue

149
Q

what does the pericardial aa supply

A

dorsal pericardium

150
Q

what does the oesophageal aa supply

A

oesophagus

151
Q

what does the mediastinal aa supply

A

mediastinal structures

152
Q

what are the 6 paired arteries from the abdominal aorta?

A

inferior phrenic (T12)
Adrenal aa (L1)
Renal aa (L1-2)
Gonadal aa - testicular/ovarian L2
Lumbar aa (L1-4)
Common iliac aa (L4)

153
Q

inferior phrenic aa level and direction

A

T12
posterior

154
Q

what does the inferior phrenic aa supply

A

diaphragm
inferior oesophagus

155
Q

adrenal aa level and direction

A

posterior
L1

156
Q

what does the adrenal aa supply

A

adrenals

157
Q

renal aa level and direction

A

L1-2
lateral

158
Q

what do the renal aa supply

A

kidneys

159
Q

gonadal aa level and direction

A

lateral
L2

160
Q

what do the gonadal aa supply?

A

testes
ovaries

161
Q

how many pairs of lumbar aa?

A

4

162
Q

lumbar aa level and direction

A

L1-4
posterolat

163
Q

what do the lumbar aa supply?

A

vertebra
SC
abdominal wall
lumbar region

164
Q

what are the 4 unpaired aa of the abdominal aorta?

A

coeliac trunk (T12)
sup mesenteric (L1)
inf mesenteric (L3)
medial sacral aa (L4)

165
Q

level and direction coeliac trunk

A

T12
anterior

166
Q

what 3 vessels does the coeliac trunk become?

A

left gastric aa
splenic aa
common hepatic aa

167
Q

what does the L gastric aa supply

A

stomach
adjacent oesophagus

168
Q

what does the splenic aa supply

A

spleen
stomach
pancreas

169
Q

what does the common hepatic aa supply

A

liver
stomach
GB
duodenum
pancreas

170
Q

sup mesenteric aa level and direction

A

L1
anterior

171
Q

what does the superior mesenteric aa supply ?

A

pancreas
Small intestine
appendix
1st 2/3 large intestine

172
Q

inferior mesenteric aa level and direction

A

L3
anterior

173
Q

what does the inferior mesenteric aa supply?

A

last 1/3 large intestine
from splenic flexure to rectum

174
Q

median sacral aa level and direction

A

posterior
L4

175
Q

what does the median sacral aa supply?

A

coccyx
lumbar vertebra
sacrum

176
Q

role of thymus gland in puberty

A

development of the immune system

177
Q

what happens to the thymus gland after puberty

A

largely replaced by fat

178
Q

what 2 things are the follicles of the thymus gland composed of

A

central medullary (less lymphocytes more epithelial cells)
peripheral cortical (lymphocytes, supported reticular cells)

179
Q

which part of the mediastinum is the thymus mainly in?

A

superior

180
Q

arterial supply thymus

A

anterior intercostal aa
(+ small branches int thoracic aa )

181
Q

venous drainage thymus

A

L BCV
internal thoracic vv

182
Q

thymic aplasia is seen in what condition?

A

Di George (ps with recurrent infections)

183
Q

horizontal border of the breast

A

lateral border of the sternum –> mid axillary line

184
Q

vertical border of the breast

A

2nd to 6th CC

185
Q

what 2 muscles does the breast lie on?

A

pectoralis major
serratus anterior

186
Q

anatomical structure breast (draw)

A

connective tissue stroma =fibrous stroma + fatty component
mammary gland = lobule + lactiferous ducts
on top of pec major = pectoral fascia = attachment for suspensory ligaments from fibrous stroma
space betw breast + breast = retromammary space

187
Q

arterial supply to medial breast

A

internal thoracic aa aka internal mammary aa

188
Q

what is the internal thoracic/mammary aa a branch of?

A

SCA

189
Q

arterial supply lateral breast

A

lateral thoracic branches axillary aa
lateral mammary branches of posterior intercostal aa
mammary branch of anterior intercostal aa

190
Q

venous drainage breast

A

follows arterial

191
Q

where does the venous drainage of the breast then drain into?

A

axillary and internal thoracic aa

192
Q

which lymph node group of the breast is most likely for breast Ca to metastasise to?

A

axillary aa

193
Q

% drainage axillary LN breast

A

75%

194
Q

5 types of axillary LN breast (going clockwise)

A

axillary
pectoral
posterior
central
lateral

195
Q

% drainage parasternal LN breast

A

20%

196
Q

% drainage posterior intercostal LN breast

A

5%

197
Q

skin of breast is drained by which LN?

A

axillary
inferior deep cervical
infraclavicular

198
Q

nipple/areolar region of breast is drained by which LN?

A

subareolar lymph plexus

199
Q

nerve supply to breast (autonomic/sensory)

A

anterior + lateral cutaneous branches 4th - 6th intercostal nn

MRCS A (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions