ANATOMY - Lower limbs Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 parts of the hip bone?
A
Ilium - superior
Ischium (posterolateral)
Pubis (anteromedial)
2
Q
Average angle of inclination of NOF to acetabulum
A
126’
3
Q
What attaches to the base of the patella superiorly?
A
Quadriceps tendon
4
Q
What attaches to the base of the patella inferiorly?
A
Patellar ligament
5
Q
What type of bone is the patella?
A
Sesamoid
6
Q
Cause of fracture of patella
A
Direct trauma
Sudden contraction quadriceps muscle
7
Q
Cause of dislocation of patella
A
High impact twisting knee injuries (sports)
8
Q
How much blood can be lost by a femur fracture?
A
1.5L
9
Q
What is the name of the part in the head of the femur that is not covered in articular?
A
Fovea
10
Q
What attaches to the fovea?
A
Ligamentum teres
11
Q
What shape are femur fractures typically?
A
Spiral
12
Q
What muscle attaches to the gluteal tuberosity of the femur?
A
Gluteus maximus
13
Q
What part of the femur articulates with the patella facets
A
Medial and lateral condyles
14
Q
What part of the tibia do the collateral ligaments atach to
A
tibial condyles
15
Q
what part of the tibia do the menisci attach to?
A
intercondylar fossa
16
Q
what part of the tibia do the ACL + PCL attach to
A
intercondylar fossa
17
Q
What important structure is the neck of the fibula associated with?
A
common fibular nn (after this bifurcates)
18
Q
fibula vs tibia - which is the weight bearing bone
A
tibia
19
Q
where in the tibia do fractures most commonly occur?
A
shaft
20
Q
how are tibial shaft fractures classified?
A
Schatzker classification
21
Q
which tendon passes through the posterior groove of the tibia?
A
Tibialis posterior
22
Q
where do stress fractures of the foot most commonly occur?
A
2-3 MT necks
23
Q
which 3 muscle tendons attach at the medial cuneiform
A
fibularis longus
tibialis anterior
tibialis posterior
24
Q
name all the bones of the foot
A
phalanges x14
5 x MT
medial, intermediate, lateral cuneiform
navicular
cuboid
calcaneus
talus
25
where does the fibularis tendon insert on the foot
inferior surface cuboid in a groove
26
3 articulations of the talus
ankle joint (superior)
anterior - talonavicular
inferior - subtalar (w/ calcaneus)
27
Which foot bone is AVN risk the highest? Why?
Talus
No muscles attach here
28
cause - calcaneus fracture
fall from height
29
which foot bone forms the heel?
calcaneus
30
2 articulations calcaenus
subtalar
calcaneocuboid
31
What are the 4 gluteal extensors
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia lata
32
what are the 5 deep lateral rotators glutes
quadriceps femoris
piriformis
gemeeli - superior + inferior
obturator internus
33
which extensor of the glutes is the most superficial
gluteus maximus
34
arterial supply gluteal muscles
superior + inferior gluteal arteries
35
What are the gluteal arteries a branch of
internal iliac artery
36
origin/insertion gluteus maximus
Ilium, sacrum + coccyx --> IT band + gluteal tuberosity femur
37
action gluteus maximus
extends + lat rotates thigh
38
Inn gluteus maximus
Inferior gluteal nn
39
origin/insertion gluteus medius
ilium --> greater trochanter
40
action gluteus medius
abduct + medial rotate thigh
41
inn gluteus medius
superior gluteal nerve
42
origin/insertion gluteus minimus
ilium --> greater trochanter
43
action gluteus minimus
abduct + medial rotation thigh
44
inn gluteus minimus
superior gluteal nerve
45
which sign is related to the superior gluteal nerve
Trendelenburg sign (usually prevents contralateral pelvic tilt)
46
which is the most superior of the deep lateral rotators of the glutes
piriformis
47
origin/insertion piriformis
anterior sacrum --> greater trochanter
48
action piriformis
lateral rotation + abduction thigh
49
innervation piriformis
nn to piriformis
50
origin/insertion obturation internus
ischium + pubis --> greater trochanter
51
action obturation internus
lateral rotation + abduction thigh
52
innervation obturator inturnus
nerve to obturator internus
53
origin/insertion superior gemelli
ischial spine --> greater trochanter
54
action superior gemellus
lateral rotation + abduction thigh
55
innervation superior gemellus
nn to obturator internus
56
origin/insertion inferior gemelli
ischial tuberosity --> greater trochanter
57
action inferior gemellus
lateral rotation + abduction thigh
58
innervation inferior gemellus
nn to quadratus femoris
59
origin/insertion quadratus femoris
ischial tuberosity --> quadrate tubercle on IT crest
60
action quadratus femoris
lateral rotation
61
innervation quadratus femoris
nn to quadratus femoris
62
action of anterior thigh muscles
extend the leg at the knee joint
some also flex thigh
63
innervation of anterior thigh muscles
femoral nerve L2-4
64
What are the anterior thigh muscles (8)
Iliacus + psoas major --> iliopsoas
sartorius
pectineus
vastus lateralis, vastus intermedialis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris
65
origin/insertion - iliopsoas
iliac crest + lumbar vertebra --> lesser trochanter
66
action iliopsoas
flexes thigh
67
innervation iliacus + psoas major
Iliacus - femoral nn
Psoas major - anterior rami L1-3
68
which is the longest muscle in the body?
sartorius
69
origin/insertion sartorius
ASIS --> superior medial tibia
70
action sartorius
flex
abduct
laterally rotate thigh
71
innervation sartorius
femoral nerve
72
which anterior thigh muscle forms the base of the femoral triangle?
pectineus
73
origin/insertion pectineus
pectineal line pelvis --> inf to lesser trochanter
74
action pectineus
adduction, flexion thigh
75
innervation pectineus
femoral nn
76
which muscle group are the main extensors of the knee
quadriceps femoris
77
4 muscles making up quadriceps femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedialis
vastus medialis
rectus femoris
78
vastus lateralis origin/insertion
greater trochanter + linea aspera --> quadriceps tendon
79
innervation vastus lateralis
femoral nn
80
vastus intermedialis origin/insertion
femoral shaft --> quadriceps tendon
81
innervation vastus intermedialis
femoral nerve
82
vastus medialis origin/insertion
intertrochanteric line + linea aspera --> quadriceps tendon
83
innervation vastus medialis
femoral nerve
84
origin/insertion rectus femoris
ASIS + ilium --> quadriceps tendon
85
action rectus femoris
flexes thigh
extends knee
86
innervation rectus femoris
femoral nerve
87
action of the medial compartment of the thigh
hip abductors
88
arterial supply of medial compartment thigh
obturator artery
89
nerve supply (in general) of medial compartment of the thigh
obturator nerve
90
which compartment of the thigh has been injured when a patient complains of groin pain?
medial compartment
91
what are the 2 components of the adductor magnus
adductor
hamstring
92
origin/attachment adductor magnus
ADDUCTOR - inf pubic rami + rami ischium --> linea asoera
HAMSTRING - ischial tuberosity --> adductor tubercle + supracondylar line
93
action - adductor portion adductor magnus
adducts + flexes thigh
94
innervation adduction portion adductor magnus
obturator nn L2=4
95
action - hamstring portion adductor magnus
adducts + extends thigh
96
innervation hamstring portion adductor magnus
tibial part sciatic nn L4-S3
97
origin/insertion adductor brevis
inferior pubic rami + pubis --> linea aspera
98
action adductor brevis
adducts thigh
99
innervation adductor brevis
obturator nerve
100
origin/insertion adductor longus
pubis --> linea aspera
101
action adductor longus
adducts thigh
102
innervation adductor longus
obturator nerve
103
origin/insertion obturator externus
membrane obturator foramen --> posterior greater trochanter
104
action obturator externus
adducts + lateral rotation thigh
105
innervation obturator externus
obturator nerve
106
origin/insertion gracilis
inferior rami --> medial tibial shaft
107
action gracilis
adducts thigh, flexes knee
108
innervation gracilis
obturator nerve
109
role of posterior compartment thigh (hamstrings)
extend hip
flex knee
110
innervation of posterior compartment thigh
sciatic nn L4-S3
111
most lateral muscle in posterior thigh
biceps femoris
112
long head biceps femoris - origin/insertion
ischial tuberosity --> tendon insertion head fibula
113
innervation long head biceps femoris
tibial part sciatic nn
114
short head biceps femoris - origin/insertion
linea aspera --> tendon insertion head fibula
115
innervation short head biceps femoris
common fibular portion sciatic nn
116
action biceps femoris
extends thigh
flexes knee
laterally rotates hip + knee
117
out of semitendinous + semimembranous, which is more superficial
semitendinous
118
origin/insertion semitendinous
ischial tuberosity --> medial tibia
119
innervation semitendinous
tibial portion sciatic nn
120
action semitendinous + membranous
flex knee joint + med rotate
extend thigh
121
origin/insertion semimembranous
ischial tuberosity --> medial tibial condyle
122
innervation semimembranous
tibial portion sciatic nn
123
role of anterior leg muscles
dorsiflex + invert the ankle joint
124
innervation of anterior leg muscles
deep fibular nn
125
arterial supply anterior leg muscles
anterior tibial aa
126
which anterior leg muscle is the strongest dorsiflexor
tibialis anterior
127
how to test tibialis anterior is workin
asking patient to stand on heels
128
origin/insertion tibialis anterior
lateral tibia to medial cuneiform + base 1st MT
129
action tibialis anterior
dorsiflex + invert foot
130
innervation tibialis anterior
deep fibular nn
131
origin/insertion EDL (extensor digitorum longus)
lateral condyle tibia + med fibula --> tendon --> divides into 4 and goes to each do
132
action EDL
extends 4 toes
dorsiflex foot
133
innervation EDL
deep fibular nn (common peroneal nn)
134
origin/insertion EHL (extensor hallucis longus)
medial fibular shaft --> distal phalynx hallux
135
action EHL
dorsiflex foot
extend hallux
136
innervation EHL
deep fibular nn
137
Which anterior leg muscle is not present in all individuals?
fibularis teritus
138
origin/insertion fibularis teritus
medial surface fibula --> MT V
139
action fibularis teritus
everts + dorsiflexes foot
140
cause of foot drop
damage to deep fibular nn --> permanent plantar flexion
141
Name the muscles of the lateral leg (2)
fibularis longus
fibularis brevis
142
innervation of lateral leg muscles
superficial fibular nn L4-S1
143
origin/insertion fibularis longus
sup + lat fibula + lat fibial condyle --> tendon --> medial cuneiform base MT I
144
action fibularis longus
evert and plantarflex foot
145
innervation fibularis longus
superficial fibular nn L4-S1
146
origin/insertion fibularis brevis
inferolat fibular shaft --> tendon --> tubercle MT V
147
action fibularis brevis
everts foot
148
innervation fibularis brevis
superficial fibular nn l4-S1
149
where does common fibular/peroneal nn bifurcate into superficial + deep fibular n
neck of fibula
150
How many muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?
7
151
role of posterior compartment leg
plantar flex + invert foot
152
Innervation of posterior compartment leg
tibial nn (terminal sciatic nn)
153
how is the posterior compartment of the leg divided
superficial and deep compartment by band fascia
154
which mm are in the superficial posterior leg compartment (3)
plantaris
soleus
gastrocnemius
155
what % of people dont have plantaris mm
10%
156
origin/insertion plantaris mm
lat supracondylar line femur --> calcaneal (achilles) tendon
157
action plantaris mm
plantar flex ankle
flex knee
158
innervation plantaris mm
tibial nn
159
origin/insertion soleus
soleal line tibia + prox fibula --> calcaneal tendon
160
action soleus
plantar flex foot/ankle
161
innervation soleus
tibial nn
162
which is the most superficial muscle in the posterior leg
gastrocneumius
163
how many heads gastrocnemius
2 (med + lateral)
164
origin/insertion gastrocnemius
femoral condyles --> calcaneal tendon
165
action gastrocnemius
plantarflexes ankle
flexes knee
166
innervation gastrocnemius
tibial nn
167
achilles tendon reflex
S1-2
168
What are the names of the 2 bursa associated with the calcaneal/achilles tendon?
subcutenaous calcaneal bursa
deep bursa calcaneal tendon
169
what action causes calcaneal tendon rupture
forceful plantarflexion
170
what are the 4 deep muscles of the posterior leg?
tibialis posterior
popliteus
flexor hallucis longus (FHL)
flexor digitoris longus (FDL)
171
which muscle makes up the base of the popliteal fossa?
popliteus
172
origin/insertion popliteus
lateral condyle femur + post horn meniscus --> tibia
173
action popliteus
unlocks knee so flexion can occur by lateral rotation of femur
174
innervation of popliteus
tibial nn
175
which posterior leg muscle is the deepest?
tibialis posterior
176
origin/insertion tibialis posterior
interosseous membrane = post tib/fib --> plantar surface med Tarsal bones
177
actions tibialis posterior
plantarflex + invert foot
maintain medial arch
178
innervation tibialis posterior
tibial nn
179
FDL (flexor digitoris longus) origin/insertion
medial tibia --> plantar 4 digits
180
action FDL
flexes 4 lateral toes
181
innervation FDL
tibial nn
182
FHL (flexor hallucis longus) origin/insertion
posterior fibula --> plantar big phalynx
183
action FHL
flex hallux
184
innervation FHL
tibial nn
185
What are the 2 intrinsic muscles on the dorsal foot?
extensor digitorum brevis
extensor hallucis brevis
186
Origin/Insertion Extensor Digitorum Brevis
calcaneus, interosseous, talocalcaneal ligament + inferior extensor retinaculum --> prox phalynx 1 + long extensor tendons toes 2-4
187
Action EDB
aids EDL in extending medial 4 toes
188
Innervation EDB
deep fibular nerve
189
Origin/Insertion Extensor hallucis brevis
calcaneus, interosseous, talocalcaneal ligament + inferior extensor retinaculum --> prox phalynx 1
190
Action EHB
Aids EHL in extending phalynx 1
191
Innervation EHB
deep fibular nerve
192
How many intrinsic muscles in the plantar foot?
10 (in 4 layers)
193
Muscles in layer 1 plantar foot
ABductor hallucis
Flexor Digitorum brevis
Adductor Digiti minimi
194
Abductor Hallucis action
abducts + flexes great toe
195
innervation Abductor Hallucis
Medial plantar nerve
196
Action flexor digitorum brevis
flexes lateral 4 digits at proximal IPJ
197
Innervation flexor digotorum brevis
medial plantar nn
198
action abductor digiti minimi
abduct flexes digit 5
199
innervation abductor digiti minimi
lateral plantar nn
200
How many muscles in the 2nd foot layer?
tendon of FDL
Quadratus plantae
4 x lumbricals
= 6
201
quadratus plantae action
assists FDL in flexing lateral 4 digits
202
innervation quadratus plantae
lateral plantar nn
203
how many lumbricals in 2nd layer foot
4
204
2nd layer foot lumbricals action
flexes at MPJ + extends at IPJ
205
innervation 2nd layer foot lumbricals
most medial = medial plantar nn
rest are lateral plantar nn
206
how many muscles in 3rd layer of foot?
3
Flexor hallucis brevis
flexor digiti minimi brevis
adductor hallucis
207
action flexor hallucis brevis
flexes prox phalynx of hallux
208
innervation flexor hallucis brevis
medial plantar nn
209
action adductor hallucis
adducts great toe
210
innervation adductor hallucis
deep branch lateral plantar nn
211
action flexor digiti minimi brevis
flex 5th proximal phalynx
212
innervation flexor digiti minimi brevis
superficial branch lateral plantar nn
213
how many plantar interossei in the foot?
3
214
action plantar interossei foot
adduct digits 3-5
flex MTPJ
215
innervation plantar interossei foot
lateral plantar nn
216
how many dorsal interossei in the foot?
4
217
action dorsal interossei foot
abduct digits 2-4
flex MTPJ
218
inn dorsal interossei foot
lateral plantar nn
