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MRCS A > ANATOMY - head part 3 > Flashcards

ANATOMY - head part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

how many paired instrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

four

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2
Q

names of intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

superior longitudinal
inferior longitudinal
transverse
vertical

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3
Q

role of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

affect shape and size of the tongue

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4
Q

innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

CN XII

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5
Q

innervation of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus)

A

CN XII

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6
Q

origin/insertion genioglossus

A

mandibular symphysis –> body hyoid + tongue

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7
Q

action genioglossus

A

protrudes + depresses tongue

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8
Q

innervation genioglossus

A

protrudes + depresses tongue

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9
Q

origin/insertion styloglossus

A

styloid process –> lateral tongue

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10
Q

action styloglossus

A

retractions + elevates tongue

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11
Q

origin/insertion hyoglossus

A

hyoid –> lateral tongue

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12
Q

action hyoglossus

A

depresses + retracts tongue

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13
Q

origin/insertion palatoglossus

A

palatine aponeurosis –> posterior tongue

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14
Q

action palatoglossus

A

elevates posterior tongue

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15
Q

innervation palatoglossus

A

CN X

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16
Q

aa to the tongue

A

lingual aa is main
tonsillar aa colateral

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17
Q

tonsillar artery is a branch of

A

facial aa

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18
Q

vv drainage tongue

A

lingual vein

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19
Q

sensation to anterior 2/3 tongue

A

CN V3 branch = lingual nn

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20
Q

anterior 2/3 taste tongue

A

chorda tympani ^CN VII

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21
Q

posterior 1/3 sensation + taste to tongue

A

glossopharyngeal nn

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22
Q

anterior 2/3 LN drainage tongue

A

Submental + submandibular LN –> deep cervical LN

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23
Q

posterior 1/3 LN drainage tongue

A

deep cervical LN

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24
Q

embryological origin thyroid

A

foramen cecum

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25
Q

which pharyngeal arch do the muscles of facial expression develop from?

A

2nd pharyngeal arch

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26
Q

which CN branches supply muscles of facial expression?

A

facial nn

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27
Q

orbicularis oculi origin/insertion

A

medial palpebral ligament + lacrimal bone –> skin around orbit + tarsal plates

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28
Q

action orbicularis oculi

A

palpebral part - closes eyelid gently
lacrimal part - tear drainage
orbital part - tightly closes eyelid

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29
Q

innervation orbicularis oculi

A

temporal + zygomatic branches CN VII

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30
Q

relation of corrugator supercilly to orbicularis oculi

A

posterior

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31
Q

origin/insertion corrugator supercilly

A

medial supercilly arch –> skin of eyebrow

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32
Q

action corrugator supercilly

A

frowning

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33
Q

innervation corrugutor supercilly

A

temporal branch of CN VII

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34
Q

procerus origin/insertion

A

nasal bone –> lateral forehead

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35
Q

action procerus

A

pulls eyebrows down –> frowning

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36
Q

innervation procerus

A

buccal branch of CN VII

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37
Q

origin/insertion nasalis

A

transverse section: maxilla –> aponeurosis across dorsum of the nose
alar section: maxilla over incisor –> alar cartilage

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38
Q

action nasalis

A

transverse portion compresses nasal opening
alar portion widens nasal opening

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39
Q

innervation nasalis muscle

A

buccal branch of CN VII

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40
Q

origin/insertion depressor septinasi

A

maxilla –> nasal septum

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41
Q

action depressor septinasi

A

pulls septum inferiorly

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42
Q

innervation depressor septinasi

A

buccal branch of the CN VII

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43
Q

buccinator origin/insertion

A

between mandible + maxilla –> runs inferomedially to blend with oris

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44
Q

action buccinator

A

pulls cheeks inwards

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45
Q

innervation buccinator

A

buccal branch of CN VII

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46
Q

origin/insertion orbicularis oris

A

maxilla –> skin/mm lips

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47
Q

action orbicularis oris

A

closes lips to narrow opening

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48
Q

innervation orbicularis oris

A

buccal branch CN VII

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49
Q

which pharyngeal arch are the muscles of mastication from

A

1st pharyngeal arch

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50
Q

innervation of muscles of mastication

A

CN V3

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51
Q

temporalis origin/insertion

A

temporal fossa skull–> coronoid process mandible

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52
Q

action temporalis

A

elevates + retracts manidble

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53
Q

which is more superficial - masseter or pterygoids

A

masseter

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54
Q

origin/insertion masseter

A

superficial part: maxillary process zygomatic
deep part: zygomatic arch temporal
–> ramus of the mandible

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55
Q

action masseter

A

elevates mandible

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56
Q

shape of medial pterygoid

A

quadrangular

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57
Q

which is inferior - medial or lateral pterygoid

A

medial

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58
Q

origin/insertion medial pterygoid

A

superficial head - maxillary tuberosity + pyramidal process of palatine bone
deep: medial aspect of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid
–> ramus of mandible

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59
Q

action medial pterygoid

A

elevates mandible

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60
Q

innervation medial pterygoid

A

CN V3

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61
Q

shape lateral pterygoid

A

triangular

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62
Q

what feature of the lateral pterygoid make it good at protraction

A

horizontal fibres

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63
Q

origin/insertion lateral pterygoid

A

superior head - greater wing sphenoid
inferior head - lateral pterygoid plate –> tendon to neck of mandible

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64
Q

action lateral pterygoid

A

unilat - side to side movement jaw
bilat - protract mandible, depress chin

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65
Q

innervation lateral pterygoid

A

CN V3

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66
Q

which cells of the lacrimal gland secrete lacrimal fluid?

A

serous cells

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67
Q

where is the lacrimal gland?

A

anteriorly in the superolateral orbit in the sacrimal fossa

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68
Q

how long is the lacrimal gland

A

2cm

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69
Q

pathway of lacrimal fluid to the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity

A

lacrimal fl circulates in eye and then accumulates in the lacrimal lake
–> Lacrimal lake
–> Sac
–> NLD
–> inferior meatus of the nasal cavity

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70
Q

aa supply lacrimal apparatus

A

lacrimal aa

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71
Q

lacrimal aa is a branch of

A

ophthalmic aa

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72
Q

vv supply lacrimal apparatus

A

superior ophthalmic vv. –> cavernous sinus

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73
Q

LN drainage lacrimal apparatus

A

superficial parotid LN –> superior deep cervical LN

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74
Q

innervation lacrimal apparatus

A

lacrimal nn (V1)
under parasymp control for secretion
symp control inhibits secretion

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75
Q

what are the 5 layers of the eyelid?

A

skin/SCT
orbicularis oculi
tasal plates
levator apparatus - LPS + superior tarsal
conjunctivate

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76
Q

which glands are attached to the SCT/skin of the eyelid

A

ciliary glands of Moll (sweat glands)

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77
Q

which glands are within the tarsal plate?

A

Meobomian glands
oil which stops tears evaporating

78
Q

LPS - origin/insertion

A

lesser wing of sphenoid –> upper eyelid + superior tarsal plate

79
Q

action LPS

A

opens eyelids

80
Q

innervation of LPS

A

superior branch of CN III

81
Q

superior tarsal origin/insertion

A

underside of LPS –> superior tarsal plate

82
Q

action superior tarsal

A

opens eyelids

83
Q

innervation superior tarsal

A

sympathetic fibres from the sup ceervical ganglion

84
Q

medial vv drainage of the eye

A

medial palpebral vv + opthalmic vv

85
Q

lateral vv drainage of the eye

A

sup temporal vv

86
Q

aa supply to the eye (3)

A

ophthalmic aa
facial aa
superficial temporal aa

87
Q

innervation ofthe upper eyeild

A

CN V1

88
Q

innervation of the lower eyelid

A

CN V2

89
Q

which bones form the bony part of the nose?

A

nasal bone
maxilla
frontal bone

90
Q

which cartilages form the cartilaginous part of the nose?

A

2 lateral cartilages
2 alar cartilages
one septal cartilage

91
Q

sensory innervation to the nose

A

CN V
external nasal nerve (V1) - dorsum, ala, vestibule
infraorbital nerve (V2) - lateral nose

92
Q

procerus muscle action

A

depresses medial eyesbrows
wrinkle sup dorsum skin

93
Q

nasalis muscle action

A

assists procerus + flares nares

94
Q

depressor septi nasi action

A

flares nares

95
Q

nn supply mm of the nose

A

CN VII

96
Q

aa supply to the skin/external nose

A

maxillary + opthlamic aa branches

97
Q

aa supply to septum + alar nose

A

angular aa, lateral nasal aa
(branches of the facial aa)

98
Q

vv supply nose

A

facial vv –> IJV

99
Q

LN drainage nose

A

supericial lymphatic vessels accompany the facial vv –> deep cervical LN

100
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the nasal cavity

A

respiratory division
olfactory division
vestibule

101
Q

cells in the respiratory division of the nasal cavity

A

pseudostratified columnar ep + mucus secreting goblet cells

102
Q

cells in the olfactory division of the nasal cavity

A

olfactory cells + olfactory receptors

103
Q

function of the nasal conchae

A

increase surface area of the nasal cavity, making air flow slow and turbulent to increase humidity

104
Q

where is the sphnoethmoidal recess

A

superior + posterior to the sup chnchae

105
Q

which sinuses drain into the middle meatus (3)

A

frontal sinuses
maxillary sinuses
ant ethmoidal

106
Q

what sinuses drain into the ethmoidal bulla?

A

middle ethmoid

107
Q

what sinuses drain into the superior meatus

A

posterior ethmoidal

108
Q

which structure is within the superior meatus

A

sphenopalatin foramen

109
Q

role of the sphenopalatine foramen

A

communicates between the nasal cavity and the pterygopalatine fossa

110
Q

what sinus drains into the posterior roof

A

sphenoid

111
Q

what drains into the inferior meatus

A

NLD

112
Q

where does the eustachian tube drain into

A

eustachian tube opens into nasopharynx at level of inferior meatus

113
Q

where is the incisive canal?

A

between the nasal cavity + incisive fossa

114
Q

contents of the incisive canal

A

nasopalatine nerve
greater palatine artery

115
Q

origin of the anterior/posterior ethmoidal aa

A

ophthalmic aa

116
Q

origin of the superior labial aa

A

ECA

117
Q

origin of the greater palatine aa

A

ECA

118
Q

origin of the sphenopalatine aa

A

ECA

119
Q

vv draiange of the nasal cavity

A

follow aa –> pterygoid plexus , facial vv of cavernous sinus

120
Q

sensation of the nasal cavity is inn by

A

nasopalatine nn V2
or nasociliary nn V1

121
Q

how are the paranasal sinuses formed in embryology

A

by nasal cavity eroding into the bone

122
Q

shape of frontal sinus

A

triangular

123
Q

frontal sinus drains into the middle meatus via

A

frontonasal duct- -> hiatus semilunaris

124
Q

inn frontal sinus

A

supraoribtal nn (V1)

125
Q

aa supply frontal sinus

A

ant ethmoidal aa

126
Q

sphenoid sinuses drains into

A

spheno-ethmoidal recess in the sup chonchae

127
Q

inn sphenoid sinus

A

posterior ethmoidal nn V1

128
Q

aa supply sphenoid sinus

A

pharyngeal branch of maxillary aa

129
Q

innervation ethmoidal sinus

A

anterior = posterior ethmoidal branches nasociliary nn V2

130
Q

aa supply ethmoidal sinus

A

anterior + posterior ethmoidal aa

131
Q

maxillary sinus drains into

A

hiatus semilunaris

132
Q

roof of the mouth proper

A

hard + soft palate

133
Q

what type of cells form the hard palate sup + inferiorly

A

ciliaryted pseudostratified superiorly
stratified squamous inferiorly

134
Q

what muscle makes up the cheeks of the mouth proper

A

buccinator

135
Q

what 4 structures make up the floor of the mouth proper

A

mm diaphragm (b/l mylohyoid mm)
geniohyoid mm
tongue
salivary glands/ducts

136
Q

inn of the hard palate

A

greater palatine + nasopalatine nn V2

137
Q

inn of the soft palate

A

lesser palatine nn V2

138
Q

afferent limb inn of the gag reflex

A

CN IX

139
Q

efferent limb inn of the gag reflex

A

CN X

140
Q

which bones make up the hard palate

A

palatine process of the maxilla
horizontal plates of the palatine bone

141
Q

what are the 3 foramina of the hard palate

A

incisive canal
greater palatine foramen
lesser palatine foramen

142
Q

where is the greater palatine foramen

A

medial to the 3rd molar

143
Q

contents of the greater palatine foramen

A

greater palatine nn/vessels

144
Q

where is the lesser palatine foramen

A

in the pyramidal process of the palatine bone

145
Q

contents of the lesser palatine foramen

A

lesser palatine nn

146
Q

what is the name of the 2 arches. that bind the palate to the tongue + uvular

A

palatoglossal arch
palatopharyngeal arch

147
Q

what are the 5 muscles of the soft palate

A

tensor veli palatini
levator veli palatini
palatoglossus
palatopharygneus
musculus uvuluae

148
Q

inn of the 5 mm of the Soft palate except tensor veli palatini

A

pharyngeal branch CNX

149
Q

inn tensor veli palatini

A

medial pterygoid branch V3

150
Q

action tensor veli palatini

A

tenses soft palate

151
Q

action levator veli palatini

A

elevates soft palate

152
Q

action palatoglossus

A

pulls soft palate towards tongue

153
Q

action palatopharyngeus

A

tenses soft palate + draws pharynx anteriorly

154
Q

action musculus uvulae

A

shortnes uvula

155
Q

aa supply soft palate

A

greater palatine aa is majority
collateral from lesser palatine aa + ascending palatine aa

156
Q

vv drainage soft palate

A

pterygoid vv plexus

157
Q

parotid - mucus or serous

A

serous

158
Q

what structure separates the superificial and deep lobes of the parotid gland

A

facial nn

159
Q

what structure is superior to the parotid gland

A

zygomatic arch

160
Q

what structure is inferior to the parotid gland

A

inferior border mandible

161
Q

what structure is anterior to the parotid gland

A

masseter

162
Q

what structure is posterior to the parotid gland

A

external ear + SCM

163
Q

duct from parotid gland

A

Stensens ducts

164
Q

where does stensens duct open into

A

2nd upper molar

165
Q

which 3 vessels/nn are in close proximity to the parotid gland

A

CN VII
ECA - maxillary aa and sup temporal aa
retromandibular vv

166
Q

aa supply parotid gland

A

sup temporal + post auricular aa

167
Q

vv drainage parotid gland

A

retromandibular vein

168
Q

sensory inn parotid gland vs parotid fascia

A

gland = auricotemporal nn
fascia = greater auricular nn

169
Q

parasymp stimulation parotid gland

A

CN IX - otic ganglion –> auricotemporal nn –> parotid gland

170
Q

symp stim parotid gland

A

sup cervical ganglion –> along ECA –> Parotid gland (inhibs secretion via vasoconstriction)

171
Q

sublinguinal gland - mucus/serous

A

mucus (high mucin content)

172
Q

what % of salivary volume comes from sublingual gland

A

3-5%

173
Q

structures medial and lateral to the sublingual gland

A

lateral = mandible
medial = genioglossus

174
Q

where do the 2 sublingual glands unite?

A

at frenulum in horseshoe shape

175
Q

what ducts drain the sublingual glands?

A

minor sublingual ducts of Rivinus

176
Q

aa supply to the sublingual glands

A

sublingual (^lingual) + submental aa (^facial aa)

177
Q

vv drainage sublingual glands

A

sublingual vv –> lingual vv
+ submental vv –> facial vv
both then drain into IJV

178
Q

parasym inn of sublingual glands

A

same as SM glands
hence parasym:
chorda tympani –> sup salivatory nucleus –> alongside lingual branch CN V3 –> SM ganglion –> secretomotor fibres

179
Q

symp inn of the sublingual glands

A

same as SM glands hence
sup cervical ganglion –> along ICA, ECA, facial aa –> SL/SM aa –> gland

180
Q

submandibular - serous or mucous

A

mixed

181
Q

anatomical position of Submandibular gland - what is superior, anterior + posterior

A

superior - inferior body of the mandible
anterior - ant belly digastric
posterior - post belly digastric

182
Q

aa supply submandibular gland

A

submental + sublingual aa

183
Q

vv drainage submandibular gland

A

facial + sublingual vv

184
Q

duct draining submandibular gland

A

Whartons duct –> base of lingual frenulum

185
Q

relation of lingual nerve to the submandibular gland

A

lateral to the submandibular duct

186
Q

post op Sx lingual nerve damage 2’ to SM gland excision

A

loss of taste + parasthesia ant 2/3 tongue
rarely permanent

187
Q

relation of CN XII to the submandibular gland

A

deep to SM fgland

188
Q

post op Sx CN XII damage 2’ to SM gland excision

A

ipsilat paralysis tongue –> dysarthria + deviation tongue to same side lesion
it is rarely injured

189
Q

relation fo marginal mandibular branch of CN VII

A

exits anteroinferiorly to the SM gland

190
Q

post op Sx damage marginal mandibular branch of CN VII

A

ipsilateral paresis mm lower lip/chin - drooping lower lip temporarily
lasts c. 12 weeks

MRCS A (36 decks)

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