Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MRCS A > ANATOMY - head > Flashcards

ANATOMY - head Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of scalp

A

Numonic = SCALP
Skin
CT (dense)
Aponeurosis (epicranial)
Loose areolar CT
Periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which layer of the scalp contains the emissary veins (+ their significance)

A

loose areolar CT LAYER
POTENTIAL spread from these vv to intracranial space of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

5 arteries supplying scalp (+ origins)

A

ECA = 3
Sup temporal
Post auriclar
Occipital

Ophthalmic aa =2
Supraorbital aa
Supratrochlear aa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

area of scalp supplied by sup temporal aa

A

fronto temporal region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

area of scalp supplied by post auricular aa

A

sup + post to ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

area of scalp supplied by occipital aa

A

back of scalp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

diagram of scalp arterial supply draw

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

superficial vv drainage of scalp

A

follows aa hence
sup temporal, post auricular, occipital, supraorbital and supratrochlear vv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

deep vv drainage of scalp

A

pterygoid vv plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where does the pterygoid vv plexus drain into?

A

maxillary vv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which vv do the emissary vv connect to?

A

diploic vv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which 2 nerves’ branches are responsible for sensation in the scalp?

A

trigeminal nn
cervical nn roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

trigeminal nn branches to scalp (4)

A

supratrochlear (V1)
supra-orbital (V1)
zygomaticotemporal (V2)
Aurotemporal (V3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

supratrochlear nn inn

A

anteromed forehead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

supra-orbital nn inn

A

between anterolat forehead + vertex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

zygomaticotemporal nn inn

A

temple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

aurotemporal nn inn

A

anterosup to auricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cervical nn roots to scalp (4)

A

lesser occipital - C2 ant
Greater occopital C2 post
greater auricular C2,3 ant
Third occipital C3 post

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lesser occipital nn inn

A

skin post to ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

greater occipital nn inn

A

occipital skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

greater auricular nn inn

A

skin post to ear + angle mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

third occipital nn inn

A

inf occipital skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which bones make up the roof of the skull (aka the calvarium)

A

frontal
parental
occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

which bones make up the base of the skull?

A

frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
pareital
temporal
occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what 2 structures does the base of the skull articulate with?

A

facial bones
mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

which bones make up the face?

A

lacrimal x 2
nasal x2
zygomatic x2
inf nasal conchae x2
vomer
palatine
maxilla x2
mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the pterion

A

area of skull where many bones articulate
also MMA lays over it
area of weakness regarding head trauma –> ++++ bleed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the 3 skull sutures

A

sagital
lambdoid
coronal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the 2 skull fontanelle

A

frontal
occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

at what age do the sutures of the skull fuse?

A

by age 20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

borders anterior cranial fossa

A

anterolat = frontal bone
posteromed = sphenoid limbus
posterolat = sphenoid lesser wings
floor = ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what attaches to the frontal crest + crista galli of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

falx cerebri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what structure of the anterior cranial fossa supports the olfactory bulb?

A

cribiform plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what attaches to the anterior clinoid process of the sphenoid bone?

A

tentorium cerebelli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

which cranial nerve enters the nasal cavity via the cribiform plate?

A

CN I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

the 2 other foramina in the cribiform plate?

A

anterior ethmoidal foramen
posterior ethmoidal foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

middle cranial fossa borders

A

anterolat = lesser wings sphenoid
anteromed = limbus sphenoid
posterolat = sup border petrous part temporal bone
posteromed = dorsum seela sphenoid
floor = greater wing + body sphenoid, squamous + petrous temporal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

where does the tentorium cerebelli attach in the middle cranial fossa?

A

anterior + posterior clinoid process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what travels through the optic canal? (2)

A

CN II
ophthlamic aa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what travels through the foramen lacerum?

A

NOTHING
filled with cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what travels through the hiatus of the greater petrosal nerve

A

greater petrosal nn (^facial nn)
MMA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what travels through the hiatus of the lesser petrosal nerve

A

lesser petrosal nn (^CN IX)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what travels through the carotid canal

A

deep petrosal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what travels through the superior orbital fissure? (5)

A

CN III, IV, V1, VI, opthalmic vv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what travels through the foramen rotundum (1)

A

CN V2

==> pterygopalatine fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what travels through the foramen ovale? (2)

A

CN V3
Accessory meningeal artery
==> infratemporal fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what travels through the foramen spinosum? (3)

A

MMA
MMV
CN V3 meningeal branch
==> infratemporal fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

boundaries of the posterior cranial fossa

A

anteromed = dorsum sellae sphenoid
anterolat = sup part petrous temporal bone
post = squamous part occipital
floor = mastoid part temporal, squamous, basillar + condylar occipital bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what structure runs through the hypoglossal canal in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

CN XII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

which structures run through the internal acoustic meatus in the posterior cranial fossa? (3)

A

CN VII
CN VIII
labryinthine aa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

which structures run through the foramen magnum in the posterior cranial fossa? (6)

A

medulla
meninges
vertebral aa
CN XI
dural vv
spinal aa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what point on the occipital bone divides the cerebellar fossa?

A

internal occipital crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

which structures run through the jugular foramen in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

CN IX X, XI,
IJV
Inf petrosal sinus
Sigmoid sinus
meningneal branches of ascending pharyngeal + occipital aa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

borders of the bony orbit

A

ROOF - frontal bone, lesser wing sphenoid
FLOOR - maxilla, palatine, zygomatic
MEDIAL - ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal frontal
LATERAL - zygomatic, greater wing sphenoid
APEX - optic foramen
BASE - orbital rim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

contents of the bony orbit (5)

A

extra-ocular mm
eyelids
eyeball
CN - II, III, IV, V, VI
Vessels - opthalmic aa + sup + inf ophthalmic vv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what are the 3 main paths structures enter + leave the orbit?

A

optic canal
sup orbital fissure
inf orbital fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what leaves/enters the orbit via the optic canal? (2)

A

CN II
Ophthalmic aa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what leaves/enters the orbit via the sup orbital fissure? (7)

A

CN III, IV, VI
Lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary nn
sup ophthalmic vv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what leaves/enters the orbit via the inf orbital fissure? (3)

A

CN V3
Inf ophthalmic vv
sympathetic nn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what are the 3 parts of the ethmoid bone?

A

cribiform plate
perpendicular plate
ethmoidal labryinthe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what pierces the cribiform plate?

A

olfactory nerve fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what does the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone make up?

A

2/3 of the nasal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what cells doe the ethmoidal labryinthe contain?

A

ethmoidal air cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what are the 5 parts of the temporal bone?

A

squamous
zygomatic process
tympanic
styloid process
petromastoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

which part of the temporal bone forms the temporal fossa?

A

squamous part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what muscle originates from the squamous part of the temporal bone

A

temporalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what does the zygomatic process articulate with (and what do they form)

A

temporal process zygomatic bone –> zygomatic arch aka cheek bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

which muscle originates from the zygomatic process of temporal bone?

A

masseter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

which part of the temporal bone surrounds the external auditory opening

A

tympanic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what important cells are in the petromastoid and what is their function

A

mastoid air cells
reservoir for air + equalise pressure in middle ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

which 3 muscles attach to the mastoid process?

A

SCM
Post belly digastric
splenius capitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

which part of the temporal bone forms the inner ear?

A

petrous portion of petromastoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what are the 2 parts of the mandible?

A

Body
Rami x 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what is the superior border of the body of the mandible?

A

alveolar border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what is the inferior border of the body of the madible?

A

base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

name of midline of body of mandible?

A

mandibular symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

anatomical name for chin

A

mental protruberance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what does the head of the rami of the mandible articulate with?

A

temporal bone –> TMJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

what are the 2 foramen of the mandible

A

mandibular foramen
mental foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

contents mandibular foramen? (2)

A

inf alveolar nn
inf alveolar aa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

contents mental foramen

A

inf alveolar nn (then changes to mental nn)
inf alveolar aa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

shape of neck of mandible fracture

A

transverse
+ TMJ dislocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

shape of angle of mandible fracture

A

oblique

84
Q

paired bones making up the internal nasal septum (3)

A

nasal bone
maxillary bone
palatine bone

85
Q

unpaired bones making up the internal nasal septum (2)

A

ethmoid
vomer

86
Q

embryological origin olfactory nerve

A

olfactory placode

87
Q

anatomical course CN I

A

smell - olfactory receptors in the nasal epithelium –> filia olfacotria –> olfacotry nn –> olfactory bulb –> synaptic glomeruli –> 2nd ON

88
Q

role of Bowman’s gland olfactory mucosa

A

secrete mucus

89
Q

embryological origin CN II

A

optic vesicle

90
Q

what surrounds CN II

A

cranial meninges

91
Q

anatomical course CN II

A

photoreceptor in eye send impulse to retinal ganglion cells
which converge to form CN II
CN II leaves bony orbit via optic canal –> cranial cavity via middle cranial fossa
2 x optic nn unite to form optic chiasm
fibres from nasal/med half cross over –> optic tracts which reach cerebrum –> lateral geniculate nucleus
from LGN - carry visual info via a pathway –> optic radiation

92
Q

left optic tract contains

A

left temporal (lateral) fibres
right nasal (medial) fibres

93
Q

right optic tract contact

A

right temporal (lateral) fibres
left nasal (medial) fibres

94
Q

pathway upper optic radiation to visual cortex

A

fibres from inf visual field quadrants –> parietal lobe –> visual cortex

95
Q

pathway lower optic radiation to visual cortex

A

fibres from superior visual field quadrants –> temporal lobe –> Meyers loop –> visual cortex

96
Q

motor function CN III

A

IO
IR
MR
= inf branch
LPS
SR
= sup branch

97
Q

parasympathetic function CN III

A

sphincter pupillae
ciliary mm eye

98
Q

Anatomical course CN III

A

occulomotor nucleus of midbrain –> superior to sup cerebellar aa and inf to post cerebellar aa
pierces duramater –> cavernous sinus –> sup orbital fissure

99
Q

action Inferior rectus muscle

A

depresses eyeball

100
Q

action superior rectus muscle

A

elevates eyeball

101
Q

action medial rectus muscle

A

adducts eyeball

102
Q

action inferior oblique muscle eye

A

elevates, abducts and laterally rotates eyeball

103
Q

action levator palpabrae superioris

A

raises upper eyelid

104
Q

ciliary muscles eye function

A

when contract = more spherical lense
under parasymp control

105
Q

sphincter pupillae eye function

A

constrict pupil - less light into eye
under parasymp control

106
Q

features of CN III palsy

A

ptosis
down and out
dilated pupil

107
Q

anatomical course trochlear nerve

A

from trochlear nucleus of midbrain
crosses midline then descends anteroinferiorly within subarachnoid space
pierces duramater at the posterior clinoid process –> along lateral wall cavernous sinus –> sup orbital fissure

108
Q

function superior oblique mm

A

depresses and intorts eye

109
Q

features CN IV palsy

A

vertical diplopia
worse when looking down and in eg. down stairs, whilst reading
head tilts away from affected side

110
Q

which pharyngeal pouch is CN V derived from?

A

1st

111
Q

anatomical course CN V

A

3 sensory nuclei and 1 motor nuclei from midbrain
at level pons
sensory root travels through middle cranial fossa –> trigeminal ganglion (temporal cave) –> V1,2,3
Motor root – >V3

112
Q

what are the 3 terminal branches of the V1

A

frontal
lacrimal
nasociliary

113
Q

afferent limb corneal reflex

A

CN V1

114
Q

efferent limb corneal reflex

A

CN VII

115
Q

how many terminal branches of CN V2

A

14

116
Q

parasymp function CN V2 (2)

A

lacrimal gland
nasal gland

117
Q

what are the 4 terminal branches of CN V3

A

buccal
inf alveolar nn
auricotemporal nn
lingual nn

118
Q

motor function CN V3 (5)

A

mm mastication
ant belly digastric
mylohyoid
tensor tympani
tensor eli paltini

119
Q

parasymp function CN V3 (3)

A

SM + SL glands
partially parotid gland

120
Q

abducens nerve (CN VI) pathway

A

pons –> subarachnoid space –> duramater in Dorello’s canal –> exits at tip petrous part temporal bone –> cavernous sinus –> superior orbital fissure

121
Q

symptoms of CN VI palsy

A

diplopia
affected eye rests in abduction

122
Q

which arch is CN VII from (facial)

A

2nd pharangeal arch

123
Q

anatomical course of CN VII

A

begins in pons as large motor + small sensory root
travels through IAM in temporal bone
reaches facial canal where sensory + motor fuse –> CNVII
exits facial canal via sytlomastoid foramen
terminal motor branches within parotid gland

124
Q

3 branches of CN VII in facial canal

A

greater petrosal nerve
nerve to stapedius
chorda tympani

125
Q

3 branches of CN VII in stylomastoid foramen

A

posterior auricular nerve
nerve to digastric
nerve to stylomastoid

126
Q

5 terminal branches of the facial nerve (+ fct)

A

Two Zebras Buggered My Cat

Temporal - frontalis, orbicularis occuli, corrugator
Zygomatic - orbicularis occuli
buccal - orbicularis oris, buccinator, zygomaticus
Marginal mandibular - mentalis, depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris
Cervical - platysma

127
Q

role of chorda tympani nn

A

branch of CN VII
ant 2/3 tongue + SM + SL gland

128
Q

which nerve innervates the lacrimal gland and mucous gland

A

greater petrosal n (^CN VII)

129
Q

anatomical route of CN VIII

A

vestibular part originates from vestibular nuclei in the pons/medulla
cochlear part originates from cochlear nuclei in cerebellum
come together in pons –> cerebello-pontine angle and exits cranium at IAM
–> vestibular nn - balance
–> cochlear nn - –> cochlea –> spiral ganglion –> hearing

130
Q

linear vs rotational movements of head - what structures detect which?

A

vestibular hair cells on utricle/saccule = linear movements
3 semicircular canals = rotational movements

131
Q

what pharyngeal arch is CN IX derived from

A

3rd

132
Q

anatomical course CN IX

A

medulla oblongata –> posterior cranial fossa (here gives of tympanic nn) –> jugular foramen –> sup + inf ganglia –> descends down neck, anterolat to ICA –> enters pharynx between sup + mid constrictors –> 3 terminal branches

133
Q

what are the 3 terminal branches of CNIX

A

pharyngeal branch
lingual branch
tonsillar branch

134
Q

tympanic nn function

A

CN IX branch
sensory - gives rise to tympanic plexus
inns middle ear TM + ET

135
Q

lingual branch CN IX fct

A

post sensation 1/3 tongue

136
Q

tonsillar branch of CN IX fct

A

tonsillar plexus (sensory)

137
Q

motor function CN IX

A

stylopharyngeus mm = shortens and widens pharynx and elevates larynx during swallowing

138
Q

parasympathetic function of CN IX

A

parotid gland
afferent limb of gag reflex

139
Q

which nerves constitute the efferent and afferent limbs of the gag reflex?

A

efferent.- CN X
afferent - CN IX

140
Q

which pharyngeal arches does CNX originate from

A

4th + 6th

141
Q

anatomical course CN X

A

medulla –> (auricular branch) jugular foramen –> neck in carotid sheath w/ IJV + CCA
branches given off at this point - pharyngeal, sup laryngeal and rec larnygeal (R)
splits into L and R
left travels inferiorly between CCA + L SCA, post to SCJ –> thorax –> ant vagal trunk
right travels anterior to SCA and post to SC J –> thorax –> post vagal trunk
ant + post vagal trunk form oesophageal plexus, cardiac branches, rec laryngeal nn (L)
through osesphageal hiatus to terminate into branches that supply oesophagus, stomach

142
Q

somatic sensory function CN X

A

via auricular branch
skin post part ext auditory + ext ear

143
Q

visceral sensory function CN X

A

laryngopharynx + sup larynx - internal laryngeal nn (branch of sup laryngeal nn)
heart via cardiac branches
GI tract via terminal branches (up to splenic flexure)

144
Q

special sensory fct CN X

A

afferent fibres roof tongue + epiglottis

145
Q

motor function CN X - pharyngeal branch

A

pharyngeal constrictor mm
pallatopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus

146
Q

motor function CN X - rec laryngeal nn

A

thyroarytenoid
post crico-arytenoid
lat crico-arytenoid
transverse/oblique arytenoid

147
Q

motor function CN X - ext laryngeal nn

A

cricothyroid mm

148
Q

motor function CN X

A

palatoglossus
mm soft palate

149
Q

parasympathetic function CN X

A

heart - SAN/AVN . decr in resting HR
GIT - Smooth mm contraction + glandular secretions

150
Q

CN XI anatomical course

A

C1-5 neurons –> spinal part CN XI –> foramen magnum –> post cranial fossa –> jugular foramen –> descends along w/ ICA –> SCM

medulla –> cranial part CN XI –> jugular foramen –> joins CNX

151
Q

motor fct CN XI

A

SCM
Traps

152
Q

CN XII anatomical course

A

hypoglossal nucleus in medulla oblongata –> alog post cranial fossa in SAS –> exists cranium via hypoglossal canal
joins C1/2 inf to angle of mandible, crossing ICA + ECA

153
Q

CN XII fct motor

A

3 extrinsic mm - genioglossus, hypoglossus, stylogossus
4 intrinsic mm - sup longitudinal, inf longitudinal, transverse, vertical

154
Q

Which ascending tract pathway is responsible for fine touch, vibration + proprioception

A

DCML
= a 3 order neurone pathway

155
Q

lesion DCML ascending pathway

A

ipsilateral loss of touch, vibration and proprioception

156
Q

which ascending tract is responsible for crude touch and pressure

A

anterior spinothalamic tract

157
Q

which ascending tract is responsible for pain and temperature

A

lateral spinothalamic tract

158
Q

symptoms of lesion to anterolateral system (ascending tract)

A

contralateral loss of pain and temperature

159
Q

how many separate pathways are there in the spinocerebellar tract?

A

4
post SCT - lower limbs to ipsilat cerebellum
cuneocerebellar- upper limbs to ipsilat cerebellum
ant SCT - proprioceptive info lower limbs to ipsilat cerebellum
rostral SCT - proprioceptive info upper limbs to ipsilat cerebellum

160
Q

presentation of a spinocerebellar tract lesion?

A

ipsilateral loss of muscle co-ordination

161
Q

what are the 2 main groups of descending tracts?

A

pyramidal tracts (cerebral cortex to brainstem/SC)
extrapyramidal tracts - brain step to SC

162
Q

function of pyramidal tracts

A

voluntary control of muscles in face and body

163
Q

function of extrapyramidal tracts

A

autonomic control of mm
mm tone, balance and locomotion

164
Q

what are the 2 pyramidal tracts (+ areas of body they act on)

A

corticospinal tract = mm of body
corticobulbar tract = H+N

165
Q

which are the only 2 cranial nerves to be innervated contralaterally by the corticobulbar tracts?

A

CN VII
CN XII

166
Q

what are the 2 extrapyramidal tracts that do NOT decussate?

A

vestibulospinal - balance + posture
reticulospinal - voluntary movements + mm tone

167
Q

what are the 2 extrapyramidal tracts that DO decussate?

A

rubrospinal tract - fine control hand movements
tectospinal tract - coordinates movement head related to vision stimuli

168
Q

Sx of extrapyramidal lesion?

A

dyskinesia

169
Q

Sx of corticospinal pyramidal tract lesion

A

mm weakness
babinkskis
hypertonia
hyperreflexia
clonus

170
Q

primary auditory pathway

A

organ conti –> spiral ganglion –> CN VIII –> IAM –> cerebellopontine angle –> cochlear nuclei –> lat meniscus –> inf colliculus –> med geniculate body –> 1’ auditory cortex

171
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex?

A

A1 sup temporal gyrus

172
Q

anatomical position sup cervical ganglion

A

posterior to carotid aa
anterior to C1-4

173
Q

arteries involved w/ sup cervical ganglion

A

ICA
ECA
CCA

174
Q

organs inn by superior cervical ganglion

A

eyeball, face, nasal glands, pharynx, palate/nasal cavity glands, salivary glands, lacrimal glands, pineal glands, sweat glands, dilator pupillae, sup tarsal mm, carotid body, heart, aa of SM

175
Q

which cervical ganglion is absent in some individuals?

A

middle cervical ganglion

176
Q

nn root middle cervical ganglion

A

C6

177
Q

artery involved with middle cervical ganglion

A

inferior thyroid aa

178
Q

position middle cervical ganglion

A

anterior to inferior thyroid aa + C6

179
Q

organs inn’d by middle cervical ganglion

A

larynx, trachea, pharynx, upper oesephagus, heart, aa of SM

180
Q

nerve root inferior cervical ganglion

A

C7

181
Q

position inferior cervical ganglion

A

anterior to C7

182
Q

aa involved with - inf cervical ganglion

A

vertebral + subclavian aa

183
Q

organs inn’d by inf cervical ganglion

A

heart and aa SM

184
Q

parasymp inn - which 4 cranial nn are associated with the 4 nuclei?

A

III - ciliary ganglion
VII - submanidublar + pterygopalatne ganglion
IX - otic ganlgion
X

185
Q

ciliary ganglion position

A

within bony orbit
anterior to sup orbital fissure
between LR + CN II

186
Q

pre/post ganglionic circuit involving ciliary ganglion

A

E-W nucleus –> ciliary ganlgion –> short ciliary nn –> sphincter pupillae + ciliary mm

187
Q

Sx lesion ciliary ganglion

A

Holmes Adie Pupil

188
Q

where is the ptergopalatine ganglion

A

within pterygopalatine fossa

189
Q

pre/post ganglionic circuit involving pterygopalatine ganglion

A

sup salivatory nucleus –> within greater pretrosal nn –> pterygopalatine ganglion –> hitchikes on branches CN V2 –> lacrimal gland, nasopharynx + palate

190
Q

where is the submandibular ganglion?

A

inferior to lingual nn

191
Q

pre/post ganglionic circuit involving submandibular gangliion

A

sup salivatory nucleus -> carried w/ chordae tympani –> submandibular ganglion –> directly to SM + SL glands (secretomotor)

192
Q

where is the otic ganglion

A

inferior to the foramen ovale within infratemporal fossa

193
Q

pre/post ganglionic circuit otic ganglion

A

inferior salivatory nucleus –> assoc w/ CN IX –> otic ganglion –> along auricotemporal nn (V3) –> parotid gland

194
Q

how many cm is the midbrain

A

2cm

195
Q

what are the 2 main parts of the midbrain

A

tectum (with the 4 colliculi)
peduncles

196
Q

what extends from each colliculi in the midbrain?

A

quadrigeminal brachium

197
Q

role of superior quadrigeminal brachium

A

forms pathway between sup colliculi + retina of eye

198
Q

role of inferior quadrigeminal brachium

A

conveys fibres from lateral meniscus and inferior coliculus to medial geniculate body

199
Q

which cranial nerve emerges inferiorly to the colliculi?

A

CN V

200
Q

which cranial nerve emerges between the cerebral penduncles?

A

CN III

201
Q

anterior and posterior parts of the substantia nigra?

A

anteriorly = pars reticulata
posteriorly = pars compacta

202
Q

draws structure of structures of inferior colliclus

A

DRAW IT

203
Q

draws structure of structure at level superior colliculus

A

DRAW IT AGAIN

204
Q

artery thats branches to supply midbrain

A

basilar aa

205
Q

draw vasculature of midbrain

A

MRCS A (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions