ANATOMY - head Flashcards
1
Q
Layers of scalp
A
Numonic = SCALP
Skin
CT (dense)
Aponeurosis (epicranial)
Loose areolar CT
Periosteum
2
Q
which layer of the scalp contains the emissary veins (+ their significance)
A
loose areolar CT LAYER
POTENTIAL spread from these vv to intracranial space of infection
3
Q
5 arteries supplying scalp (+ origins)
A
ECA = 3
Sup temporal
Post auriclar
Occipital
Ophthalmic aa =2
Supraorbital aa
Supratrochlear aa
4
Q
area of scalp supplied by sup temporal aa
A
fronto temporal region
5
Q
area of scalp supplied by post auricular aa
A
sup + post to ear
6
Q
area of scalp supplied by occipital aa
A
back of scalp
7
Q
diagram of scalp arterial supply draw
A
8
Q
superficial vv drainage of scalp
A
follows aa hence
sup temporal, post auricular, occipital, supraorbital and supratrochlear vv
9
Q
deep vv drainage of scalp
A
pterygoid vv plexus
10
Q
where does the pterygoid vv plexus drain into?
A
maxillary vv
11
Q
which vv do the emissary vv connect to?
A
diploic vv
12
Q
which 2 nerves’ branches are responsible for sensation in the scalp?
A
trigeminal nn
cervical nn roots
13
Q
trigeminal nn branches to scalp (4)
A
supratrochlear (V1)
supra-orbital (V1)
zygomaticotemporal (V2)
Aurotemporal (V3)
14
Q
supratrochlear nn inn
A
anteromed forehead
15
Q
supra-orbital nn inn
A
between anterolat forehead + vertex
16
Q
zygomaticotemporal nn inn
A
temple
17
Q
aurotemporal nn inn
A
anterosup to auricle
18
Q
cervical nn roots to scalp (4)
A
lesser occipital - C2 ant
Greater occopital C2 post
greater auricular C2,3 ant
Third occipital C3 post
19
Q
Lesser occipital nn inn
A
skin post to ear
20
Q
greater occipital nn inn
A
occipital skin
21
Q
greater auricular nn inn
A
skin post to ear + angle mandible
22
Q
third occipital nn inn
A
inf occipital skin
23
Q
which bones make up the roof of the skull (aka the calvarium)
A
frontal
parental
occipital
24
Q
which bones make up the base of the skull?
A
frontal
ethmoid
sphenoid
pareital
temporal
occipital
25
what 2 structures does the base of the skull articulate with?
facial bones
mandible
26
which bones make up the face?
lacrimal x 2
nasal x2
zygomatic x2
inf nasal conchae x2
vomer
palatine
maxilla x2
mandible
27
what is the pterion
area of skull where many bones articulate
also MMA lays over it
area of weakness regarding head trauma --> ++++ bleed
28
what are the 3 skull sutures
sagital
lambdoid
coronal
29
what are the 2 skull fontanelle
frontal
occipital
30
at what age do the sutures of the skull fuse?
by age 20
31
borders anterior cranial fossa
anterolat = frontal bone
posteromed = sphenoid limbus
posterolat = sphenoid lesser wings
floor = ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal
32
what attaches to the frontal crest + crista galli of the anterior cranial fossa?
falx cerebri
33
what structure of the anterior cranial fossa supports the olfactory bulb?
cribiform plate
34
what attaches to the anterior clinoid process of the sphenoid bone?
tentorium cerebelli
35
which cranial nerve enters the nasal cavity via the cribiform plate?
CN I
36
the 2 other foramina in the cribiform plate?
anterior ethmoidal foramen
posterior ethmoidal foramen
37
middle cranial fossa borders
anterolat = lesser wings sphenoid
anteromed = limbus sphenoid
posterolat = sup border petrous part temporal bone
posteromed = dorsum seela sphenoid
floor = greater wing + body sphenoid, squamous + petrous temporal bone
38
where does the tentorium cerebelli attach in the middle cranial fossa?
anterior + posterior clinoid process
39
what travels through the optic canal? (2)
CN II
ophthlamic aa
40
what travels through the foramen lacerum?
NOTHING
filled with cartilage
41
what travels through the hiatus of the greater petrosal nerve
greater petrosal nn (^facial nn)
MMA
42
what travels through the hiatus of the lesser petrosal nerve
lesser petrosal nn (^CN IX)
43
what travels through the carotid canal
deep petrosal nerve
44
what travels through the superior orbital fissure? (5)
CN III, IV, V1, VI, opthalmic vv
45
what travels through the foramen rotundum (1)
CN V2
==> pterygopalatine fossa
46
what travels through the foramen ovale? (2)
CN V3
Accessory meningeal artery
==> infratemporal fossa
47
what travels through the foramen spinosum? (3)
MMA
MMV
CN V3 meningeal branch
==> infratemporal fossa
48
boundaries of the posterior cranial fossa
anteromed = dorsum sellae sphenoid
anterolat = sup part petrous temporal bone
post = squamous part occipital
floor = mastoid part temporal, squamous, basillar + condylar occipital bone
49
what structure runs through the hypoglossal canal in the posterior cranial fossa?
CN XII
50
which structures run through the internal acoustic meatus in the posterior cranial fossa? (3)
CN VII
CN VIII
labryinthine aa
51
which structures run through the foramen magnum in the posterior cranial fossa? (6)
medulla
meninges
vertebral aa
CN XI
dural vv
spinal aa
52
what point on the occipital bone divides the cerebellar fossa?
internal occipital crest
53
which structures run through the jugular foramen in the posterior cranial fossa?
CN IX X, XI,
IJV
Inf petrosal sinus
Sigmoid sinus
meningneal branches of ascending pharyngeal + occipital aa
54
borders of the bony orbit
ROOF - frontal bone, lesser wing sphenoid
FLOOR - maxilla, palatine, zygomatic
MEDIAL - ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal frontal
LATERAL - zygomatic, greater wing sphenoid
APEX - optic foramen
BASE - orbital rim
55
contents of the bony orbit (5)
extra-ocular mm
eyelids
eyeball
CN - II, III, IV, V, VI
Vessels - opthalmic aa + sup + inf ophthalmic vv
56
what are the 3 main paths structures enter + leave the orbit?
optic canal
sup orbital fissure
inf orbital fissure
57
what leaves/enters the orbit via the optic canal? (2)
CN II
Ophthalmic aa
58
what leaves/enters the orbit via the sup orbital fissure? (7)
CN III, IV, VI
Lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary nn
sup ophthalmic vv
59
what leaves/enters the orbit via the inf orbital fissure? (3)
CN V3
Inf ophthalmic vv
sympathetic nn
60
what are the 3 parts of the ethmoid bone?
cribiform plate
perpendicular plate
ethmoidal labryinthe
61
what pierces the cribiform plate?
olfactory nerve fibres
62
what does the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone make up?
2/3 of the nasal septum
63
what cells doe the ethmoidal labryinthe contain?
ethmoidal air cells
64
what are the 5 parts of the temporal bone?
squamous
zygomatic process
tympanic
styloid process
petromastoid
65
which part of the temporal bone forms the temporal fossa?
squamous part
66
what muscle originates from the squamous part of the temporal bone
temporalis
67
what does the zygomatic process articulate with (and what do they form)
temporal process zygomatic bone --> zygomatic arch aka cheek bone
68
which muscle originates from the zygomatic process of temporal bone?
masseter
69
which part of the temporal bone surrounds the external auditory opening
tympanic
70
what important cells are in the petromastoid and what is their function
mastoid air cells
reservoir for air + equalise pressure in middle ear
71
which 3 muscles attach to the mastoid process?
SCM
Post belly digastric
splenius capitis
72
which part of the temporal bone forms the inner ear?
petrous portion of petromastoid
73
what are the 2 parts of the mandible?
Body
Rami x 2
74
what is the superior border of the body of the mandible?
alveolar border
75
what is the inferior border of the body of the madible?
base
76
name of midline of body of mandible?
mandibular symphysis
77
anatomical name for chin
mental protruberance
78
what does the head of the rami of the mandible articulate with?
temporal bone --> TMJ
79
what are the 2 foramen of the mandible
mandibular foramen
mental foramen
80
contents mandibular foramen? (2)
inf alveolar nn
inf alveolar aa
81
contents mental foramen
inf alveolar nn (then changes to mental nn)
inf alveolar aa
82
shape of neck of mandible fracture
transverse
+ TMJ dislocation
83
shape of angle of mandible fracture
oblique
84
paired bones making up the internal nasal septum (3)
nasal bone
maxillary bone
palatine bone
85
unpaired bones making up the internal nasal septum (2)
ethmoid
vomer
86
embryological origin olfactory nerve
olfactory placode
87
anatomical course CN I
smell - olfactory receptors in the nasal epithelium --> filia olfacotria --> olfacotry nn --> olfactory bulb --> synaptic glomeruli --> 2nd ON
88
role of Bowman's gland olfactory mucosa
secrete mucus
89
embryological origin CN II
optic vesicle
90
what surrounds CN II
cranial meninges
91
anatomical course CN II
photoreceptor in eye send impulse to retinal ganglion cells
which converge to form CN II
CN II leaves bony orbit via optic canal --> cranial cavity via middle cranial fossa
2 x optic nn unite to form optic chiasm
fibres from nasal/med half cross over --> optic tracts which reach cerebrum --> lateral geniculate nucleus
from LGN - carry visual info via a pathway --> optic radiation
92
left optic tract contains
left temporal (lateral) fibres
right nasal (medial) fibres
93
right optic tract contact
right temporal (lateral) fibres
left nasal (medial) fibres
94
pathway upper optic radiation to visual cortex
fibres from inf visual field quadrants --> parietal lobe --> visual cortex
95
pathway lower optic radiation to visual cortex
fibres from superior visual field quadrants --> temporal lobe --> Meyers loop --> visual cortex
96
motor function CN III
IO
IR
MR
= inf branch
LPS
SR
= sup branch
97
parasympathetic function CN III
sphincter pupillae
ciliary mm eye
98
Anatomical course CN III
occulomotor nucleus of midbrain --> superior to sup cerebellar aa and inf to post cerebellar aa
pierces duramater --> cavernous sinus --> sup orbital fissure
99
action Inferior rectus muscle
depresses eyeball
100
action superior rectus muscle
elevates eyeball
101
action medial rectus muscle
adducts eyeball
102
action inferior oblique muscle eye
elevates, abducts and laterally rotates eyeball
103
action levator palpabrae superioris
raises upper eyelid
104
ciliary muscles eye function
when contract = more spherical lense
under parasymp control
105
sphincter pupillae eye function
constrict pupil - less light into eye
under parasymp control
106
features of CN III palsy
ptosis
down and out
dilated pupil
107
anatomical course trochlear nerve
from trochlear nucleus of midbrain
crosses midline then descends anteroinferiorly within subarachnoid space
pierces duramater at the posterior clinoid process --> along lateral wall cavernous sinus --> sup orbital fissure
108
function superior oblique mm
depresses and intorts eye
109
features CN IV palsy
vertical diplopia
worse when looking down and in eg. down stairs, whilst reading
head tilts away from affected side
110
which pharyngeal pouch is CN V derived from?
1st
111
anatomical course CN V
3 sensory nuclei and 1 motor nuclei from midbrain
at level pons
sensory root travels through middle cranial fossa --> trigeminal ganglion (temporal cave) --> V1,2,3
Motor root -- >V3
112
what are the 3 terminal branches of the V1
frontal
lacrimal
nasociliary
113
afferent limb corneal reflex
CN V1
114
efferent limb corneal reflex
CN VII
115
how many terminal branches of CN V2
14
116
parasymp function CN V2 (2)
lacrimal gland
nasal gland
117
what are the 4 terminal branches of CN V3
buccal
inf alveolar nn
auricotemporal nn
lingual nn
118
motor function CN V3 (5)
mm mastication
ant belly digastric
mylohyoid
tensor tympani
tensor eli paltini
119
parasymp function CN V3 (3)
SM + SL glands
partially parotid gland
120
abducens nerve (CN VI) pathway
pons --> subarachnoid space --> duramater in Dorello's canal --> exits at tip petrous part temporal bone --> cavernous sinus --> superior orbital fissure
121
symptoms of CN VI palsy
diplopia
affected eye rests in abduction
122
which arch is CN VII from (facial)
2nd pharangeal arch
123
anatomical course of CN VII
begins in pons as large motor + small sensory root
travels through IAM in temporal bone
reaches facial canal where sensory + motor fuse --> CNVII
exits facial canal via sytlomastoid foramen
terminal motor branches within parotid gland
124
3 branches of CN VII in facial canal
greater petrosal nerve
nerve to stapedius
chorda tympani
125
3 branches of CN VII in stylomastoid foramen
posterior auricular nerve
nerve to digastric
nerve to stylomastoid
126
5 terminal branches of the facial nerve (+ fct)
Two Zebras Buggered My Cat
Temporal - frontalis, orbicularis occuli, corrugator
Zygomatic - orbicularis occuli
buccal - orbicularis oris, buccinator, zygomaticus
Marginal mandibular - mentalis, depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris
Cervical - platysma
127
role of chorda tympani nn
branch of CN VII
ant 2/3 tongue + SM + SL gland
128
which nerve innervates the lacrimal gland and mucous gland
greater petrosal n (^CN VII)
129
anatomical route of CN VIII
vestibular part originates from vestibular nuclei in the pons/medulla
cochlear part originates from cochlear nuclei in cerebellum
come together in pons --> cerebello-pontine angle and exits cranium at IAM
--> vestibular nn - balance
--> cochlear nn - --> cochlea --> spiral ganglion --> hearing
130
linear vs rotational movements of head - what structures detect which?
vestibular hair cells on utricle/saccule = linear movements
3 semicircular canals = rotational movements
131
what pharyngeal arch is CN IX derived from
3rd
132
anatomical course CN IX
medulla oblongata --> posterior cranial fossa (here gives of tympanic nn) --> jugular foramen --> sup + inf ganglia --> descends down neck, anterolat to ICA --> enters pharynx between sup + mid constrictors --> 3 terminal branches
133
what are the 3 terminal branches of CNIX
pharyngeal branch
lingual branch
tonsillar branch
134
tympanic nn function
CN IX branch
sensory - gives rise to tympanic plexus
inns middle ear TM + ET
135
lingual branch CN IX fct
post sensation 1/3 tongue
136
tonsillar branch of CN IX fct
tonsillar plexus (sensory)
137
motor function CN IX
stylopharyngeus mm = shortens and widens pharynx and elevates larynx during swallowing
138
parasympathetic function of CN IX
parotid gland
afferent limb of gag reflex
139
which nerves constitute the efferent and afferent limbs of the gag reflex?
efferent.- CN X
afferent - CN IX
140
which pharyngeal arches does CNX originate from
4th + 6th
141
anatomical course CN X
medulla --> (auricular branch) jugular foramen --> neck in carotid sheath w/ IJV + CCA
branches given off at this point - pharyngeal, sup laryngeal and rec larnygeal (R)
splits into L and R
left travels inferiorly between CCA + L SCA, post to SCJ --> thorax --> ant vagal trunk
right travels anterior to SCA and post to SC J --> thorax --> post vagal trunk
ant + post vagal trunk form oesophageal plexus, cardiac branches, rec laryngeal nn (L)
through osesphageal hiatus to terminate into branches that supply oesophagus, stomach
142
somatic sensory function CN X
via auricular branch
skin post part ext auditory + ext ear
143
visceral sensory function CN X
laryngopharynx + sup larynx - internal laryngeal nn (branch of sup laryngeal nn)
heart via cardiac branches
GI tract via terminal branches (up to splenic flexure)
144
special sensory fct CN X
afferent fibres roof tongue + epiglottis
145
motor function CN X - pharyngeal branch
pharyngeal constrictor mm
pallatopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
146
motor function CN X - rec laryngeal nn
thyroarytenoid
post crico-arytenoid
lat crico-arytenoid
transverse/oblique arytenoid
147
motor function CN X - ext laryngeal nn
cricothyroid mm
148
motor function CN X
palatoglossus
mm soft palate
149
parasympathetic function CN X
heart - SAN/AVN . decr in resting HR
GIT - Smooth mm contraction + glandular secretions
150
CN XI anatomical course
C1-5 neurons --> spinal part CN XI --> foramen magnum --> post cranial fossa --> jugular foramen --> descends along w/ ICA --> SCM
medulla --> cranial part CN XI --> jugular foramen --> joins CNX
151
motor fct CN XI
SCM
Traps
152
CN XII anatomical course
hypoglossal nucleus in medulla oblongata --> alog post cranial fossa in SAS --> exists cranium via hypoglossal canal
joins C1/2 inf to angle of mandible, crossing ICA + ECA
153
CN XII fct motor
3 extrinsic mm - genioglossus, hypoglossus, stylogossus
4 intrinsic mm - sup longitudinal, inf longitudinal, transverse, vertical
154
Which ascending tract pathway is responsible for fine touch, vibration + proprioception
DCML
= a 3 order neurone pathway
155
lesion DCML ascending pathway
ipsilateral loss of touch, vibration and proprioception
156
which ascending tract is responsible for crude touch and pressure
anterior spinothalamic tract
157
which ascending tract is responsible for pain and temperature
lateral spinothalamic tract
158
symptoms of lesion to anterolateral system (ascending tract)
contralateral loss of pain and temperature
159
how many separate pathways are there in the spinocerebellar tract?
4
post SCT - lower limbs to ipsilat cerebellum
cuneocerebellar- upper limbs to ipsilat cerebellum
ant SCT - proprioceptive info lower limbs to ipsilat cerebellum
rostral SCT - proprioceptive info upper limbs to ipsilat cerebellum
160
presentation of a spinocerebellar tract lesion?
ipsilateral loss of muscle co-ordination
161
what are the 2 main groups of descending tracts?
pyramidal tracts (cerebral cortex to brainstem/SC)
extrapyramidal tracts - brain step to SC
162
function of pyramidal tracts
voluntary control of muscles in face and body
163
function of extrapyramidal tracts
autonomic control of mm
mm tone, balance and locomotion
164
what are the 2 pyramidal tracts (+ areas of body they act on)
corticospinal tract = mm of body
corticobulbar tract = H+N
165
which are the only 2 cranial nerves to be innervated contralaterally by the corticobulbar tracts?
CN VII
CN XII
166
what are the 2 extrapyramidal tracts that do NOT decussate?
vestibulospinal - balance + posture
reticulospinal - voluntary movements + mm tone
167
what are the 2 extrapyramidal tracts that DO decussate?
rubrospinal tract - fine control hand movements
tectospinal tract - coordinates movement head related to vision stimuli
168
Sx of extrapyramidal lesion?
dyskinesia
169
Sx of corticospinal pyramidal tract lesion
mm weakness
babinkskis
hypertonia
hyperreflexia
clonus
170
primary auditory pathway
organ conti --> spiral ganglion --> CN VIII --> IAM --> cerebellopontine angle --> cochlear nuclei --> lat meniscus --> inf colliculus --> med geniculate body --> 1' auditory cortex
171
where is the primary auditory cortex?
A1 sup temporal gyrus
172
anatomical position sup cervical ganglion
posterior to carotid aa
anterior to C1-4
173
arteries involved w/ sup cervical ganglion
ICA
ECA
CCA
174
organs inn by superior cervical ganglion
eyeball, face, nasal glands, pharynx, palate/nasal cavity glands, salivary glands, lacrimal glands, pineal glands, sweat glands, dilator pupillae, sup tarsal mm, carotid body, heart, aa of SM
175
which cervical ganglion is absent in some individuals?
middle cervical ganglion
176
nn root middle cervical ganglion
C6
177
artery involved with middle cervical ganglion
inferior thyroid aa
178
position middle cervical ganglion
anterior to inferior thyroid aa + C6
179
organs inn'd by middle cervical ganglion
larynx, trachea, pharynx, upper oesephagus, heart, aa of SM
180
nerve root inferior cervical ganglion
C7
181
position inferior cervical ganglion
anterior to C7
182
aa involved with - inf cervical ganglion
vertebral + subclavian aa
183
organs inn'd by inf cervical ganglion
heart and aa SM
184
parasymp inn - which 4 cranial nn are associated with the 4 nuclei?
III - ciliary ganglion
VII - submanidublar + pterygopalatne ganglion
IX - otic ganlgion
X
185
ciliary ganglion position
within bony orbit
anterior to sup orbital fissure
between LR + CN II
186
pre/post ganglionic circuit involving ciliary ganglion
E-W nucleus --> ciliary ganlgion --> short ciliary nn --> sphincter pupillae + ciliary mm
187
Sx lesion ciliary ganglion
Holmes Adie Pupil
188
where is the ptergopalatine ganglion
within pterygopalatine fossa
189
pre/post ganglionic circuit involving pterygopalatine ganglion
sup salivatory nucleus --> within greater pretrosal nn --> pterygopalatine ganglion --> hitchikes on branches CN V2 --> lacrimal gland, nasopharynx + palate
190
where is the submandibular ganglion?
inferior to lingual nn
191
pre/post ganglionic circuit involving submandibular gangliion
sup salivatory nucleus -> carried w/ chordae tympani --> submandibular ganglion --> directly to SM + SL glands (secretomotor)
192
where is the otic ganglion
inferior to the foramen ovale within infratemporal fossa
193
pre/post ganglionic circuit otic ganglion
inferior salivatory nucleus --> assoc w/ CN IX --> otic ganglion --> along auricotemporal nn (V3) --> parotid gland
194
how many cm is the midbrain
2cm
195
what are the 2 main parts of the midbrain
tectum (with the 4 colliculi)
peduncles
196
what extends from each colliculi in the midbrain?
quadrigeminal brachium
197
role of superior quadrigeminal brachium
forms pathway between sup colliculi + retina of eye
198
role of inferior quadrigeminal brachium
conveys fibres from lateral meniscus and inferior coliculus to medial geniculate body
199
which cranial nerve emerges inferiorly to the colliculi?
CN V
200
which cranial nerve emerges between the cerebral penduncles?
CN III
201
anterior and posterior parts of the substantia nigra?
anteriorly = pars reticulata
posteriorly = pars compacta
202
draws structure of structures of inferior colliclus
DRAW IT
203
draws structure of structure at level superior colliculus
DRAW IT AGAIN
204
artery thats branches to supply midbrain
basilar aa
205
draw vasculature of midbrain
