Neuro Anatomy Flashcards
What is the hindbrain made up of?
- Cerebellum (motor control and muscle and postural tone), pons and medulla.
What is the role of the midbrain?
- Connect the two other sections of the brain
What is the forebrain made up of?
- Outer layer = cerebral cortex and then deep layer = deep nuclei, basal ganglia, thalamus and hypothalamus.
What is grey matter?
- Dendrites and axons with no neuronal cells.
- Schwann cells within the CNS and oligodendrites within the peripheral cells.
What is white matter?
- Cell bodies - this is where metabolic activity takes place.
What are the different meningeal layers?
- Dura, arachnoid, pia
What are the different bones within the skull?
- Frontal, occipital, pariteal and temporal
What are the different lobes of the brain?
- Frontal lobe (contains the primary motor cortex)
- Pariteal lobe (Contains the primary sensory cortex)
- Temporal lobe (Contains primary auditory cortex, Wernickes area and amygalda/hippocampus)
- Occipital lobe (Primary visual cortex)
What are gyri and sulci?
- Gyri are the roles of cerebral cortex and sulcus are the grooves between the two .
What is the central sulcus?
- Separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain.
- Primary motor cortex sits directly in front and primary sensory cortex sits directly behind.
What is the longitudinal fissure?
- Seperate the right and left hemisphere
What is the corpus collosum?
- Fibres that connect the two hemispheres within the longitudinal fissure in order to allow communication.
What is the lateral fissure?
- Seperates the frontal and parietal lobes and the temporal lobe
What is found on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe?
- The olfactory tract runs backwards through the inferior surface.
Where are the mammillary bodies found?
- Behind the optic chiasm
- Optic chiasm is found where the optic nerves cross over, they then run backwards to form the optic tracts.
What are the dominant hemispheres within the brain?
- Within right handed people there is 98% left sided dominance
- Within left handed people there is 60% left sided dominance
Which side of the brain is the Wernickes and Brocas area?
- Dominant
What is found on the parietal lobe?
- Contains primary sensory area
- Dominant important for perception, interpreting sensory info and formation of an idea.
What is found on the frontal lobe?
- Contains primary motor area - spontaneity, memory, problem solving
- It contains Broca’s area on the dominant side, which receives signals from Wernicke’s area then interprets in for speech in the larynx.
What is found on the temporal lobe?
- Primary audiatory cortex and Wernicke’s area in dominant area in hemisphere (Analyses speech to send signals to Broca’s area)
What happens if there is a stroke in the dominant area?
- If there is damage to Wernicke’s areas then it can lead to receptive dysphagia.
- If there is damage to Broca’s area lead to loss of speech
What is limbic system?
- Medial margin of the hemisphere
- Hippocampus, fornix and amygalda
- Long term memory, stimuli related to fear, rewards and about initiating pleasure.
- Influences the endocrine and autonomic systems.
What is the dura mater?
- Thick and durable later
- Made up of outer and inner layer
- Contains dural venous sinues where the two layers don’t meet - the most important is the Cavernous sinus - lies lateral to the body of the Sphenoid.
- Venous sinus drain into the internal jugular vein.
What is the falx cerebri?
- Found in the longitudinal fissure
What is the tentorium cerebelli?
- Thick in dura over the posterior cranial fossa and cerebellum
What is arachnoid mater?
- Contains small blood vessels
- There is subarachnoid cisterns between arachnoid and pia which are filled with CSF
What is the pia mater?
- Very thin layer that’s important in the blood brain barrier.
What are the anatomical adjacent in the blood brain barrier?
- Astrocyte feet
- Endothelial cells in the membrane
- Basement membrane
- Alcohol can cross the blood brain barrier as it’s lipid and water soluble.
What extra dural haematoma?
- Skull and dura
- Head injury
- Haemorrhage from meningeal arteries at increase pressures.
What sub dural haematoma?
- Between dura and arachnoid
- Crescent on CT scan
- High impact injury
- Tear of bridging veins, this is under lower pressure.
What is sub arachnoid haemorrhage?
- Between arachnoid and pia
- Head injury
- Berry aneurysm
- Severe headache and really fatal
What does the anterior cranial fossa contain?
- Frontal lobe and the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
What does the middle cranial fossa contain?
- Temporal, pariteal and occipital lobe and is much deeper.
What does the posterior cranial fossa contain?
- Cerebellar, pons and medulla
What does the carotid foramen contain?
- The internal carotid artery
What does the jugular foramen contain?
- Internal jugular vein
- Glossopharyngeal (9), vagus (10) and accessory (11)
What does the foramen magnum contain?
- Vertebral arteries, spinal cord and anterior/posterior arteries
What does the ethmoid foramen contain?
- Cranial nerve 1 = olfactory nerve
What does the optic canal contain?
- Cranial nerve 2 = optic nerve
What does the superior orbital fissure contain?
- Cranial nerves 3 (ocularmotor), 4 (trochlear), one branch of 5 (opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve) and cranial nerve 6 (abbducens)