Microbiology

Question 1

Examples of gram positive bacteria (Stain purple)

Answer 1

• Staph aureus = grow in clusters, responsible for skin infections, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, pneumonia and toxic shock syndrome
• Diptheria = rod shaped bacteria that releases exotines that damage the heart and nerves
• Streptococcus = faculative anaerobic in pairs and chains
• Listeria = faculative intracellular bascili , meningitis in neonates, eldery and the immunocompromsied.

Question 2

Examples of gram negative bacteria (Stain pink)

Answer 2

• Chlamydia
• Nessieria menignitis
• Gonorrhoea
• Pseudomonas : opportunistic aerobic bacillus

Question 3

Examples of viruses

Answer 3

• Rhinovirus
• Flu
• Polio - encapsulated RNA enterovirus
• Measles - paramyxovirus - inflammatory T cell response
• Mumps - paramyxovirus - inflammation of the parotid
• EBV - infectious mononucleoisis - self limiting

Question 4

What is an inactivated vaccine?

Answer 4

• Examples hep A, flu, poli
• Dead non pathogenic form of the virus
• Produces sufficient humeral response and no mutations but is expensive and boosters needed.

Question 5

What is an attenuated vaccine?

Answer 5

• MMR
• Live non pathogenic form of the virus
• Produces a full body immune response and is cheap but is contraindicated in the immunocompromised and can retract.

Question 6

What is HIV?

Answer 6

• A lentivirus that replicates using reverse transcriptase within CD4 cells, making it a retrovirus. It diminishes the CD4 population, causing immunodeficiency and increases HIV viral load.
• Think HIV in patients with non specific symptoms, rash and fever
• Treat with antiretrovirals such as reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Question 7

What is malaria?

Answer 7

• Parasite that is widespread in the tropics and subtropics.
• Spread by mosquitos and produces flu like symptoms
• Treat with ACT