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Phase 1 Exam > MSK Anatomy > Flashcards

MSK Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

A
  • Made up of the scapula, the clavicle, all the muscles that attack to them and lattimus dorsi.
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2
Q

What are the parts of the upper limb?

A
  • The arm runs from the shoulder joint to the elbow joint and the forearm runs from the elbow to the wrist joint.
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3
Q

What is flexion of the upper limb?

A
  • Movement of the arm forward from the shoulder.
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4
Q

What is extension of the upper limb?

A
  • Movement of the arm backward from the shoulder.
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5
Q

What is abduction of the upper limb?

A
  • Movement of the arm laterally away from the torso.
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6
Q

What is the adduction of the upper limb?

A
  • Movement of the arm laterally towards the torso.
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7
Q

How would you brush the back of the hair?

A
  • Abduct and laterally rotate the upper limb.
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8
Q

How would you scratch the bottom of the back?

A
  • Extent and medically rotate the upper limb.
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9
Q

What is protraction of the upper limb?

A
  • The movement of the scapula forward on the chest wall.
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10
Q

What is retraction of the upper limb?

A
  • The movement of the scapula backwards against the chest wall.
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11
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the upper limb?

A
  • These originate from the torso and insert themselves into the bony structures of the upper limb. They include the most superficial muscles - latimissus dorsi and trapezius and also the deeper muscles rhomoid major/minor and levator scapulae.
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12
Q

What is trapezius?

A
  • Most superficial of the back muscles, broad flat, triangular muscle.
  • Originates from the base of the skull, the nuchal ligament and then the the vertebrae C7 to T12.
  • Inserts into the clavicle, acromin of the scapula and the scapula spine.
  • Innervated by the accessory nerve.
  • Role - upper fibres: elevate the scapula and medially rotate during abduction. Middle fibres: Retract the scapula and lower fibres: move the scapula inferiorly.
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13
Q

What is latissimus dorsi?

A
  • Originates from the lower part of the back and inserts itself itself further up - large flat muscle.
  • Originates from the iliac crest, inferior 3 ribs, vertebrae T7 to T12.
  • Inserts itself into the tuberosity of the humerus where all fibres converge together into one tendon.
  • Role - adduct, medially rotate and extent the arm.
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14
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles?

A
  • Originate from the scapula/clavicle and inserts into the humerus.
  • Made up of the deltoid muscle and teres major.
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15
Q

What is deltoid muscle?

A
  • Originates from the lateral 3rd of the clavicle, the acrominin of the scapula and the scapula spine.
  • Inserts in the deltoid prominence of the later edge of the humerus.
  • Innervated by the axillary nerve.
  • Role: anterior fibres: flexion and medial rotation, posterior fibres: extension and later rotation and middle fibres, aduct the limb.
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16
Q

What is teres major?

A
  • Originates from the inferior border of quadrangular space.
  • Inserts into the medial lip of the intertubosity of the humerus.
  • Role: adduct and medially rotate the limb.
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17
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A
  • Tendons of 3 muscles that fuse together to form a capsule of the shoulder joint, making the ‘rotator cuff’ that it vital for stabilisation of the shoulder.
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18
Q

What is supraspinatus?

A
  • Originates form the supraspinous fossa of the scapula and attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus.
  • Actions are the abduct the arm from 0 to 15 degrees and then assists the deltoid from 15 to 90 degrees.
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19
Q

What is infraspinatus?

A
  • Originates from the infraspinous fossa of the scapula and attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus.
  • Actions are to laterally rotate the upper limb.
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20
Q

What is subscapularis?

A
  • Originates from the subscapular fossa on the costal groove of scapula and inserts in the lesser tubercle of the humerus.
  • Actions are to medially rotate the upper limb.
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21
Q

What is teres minor?

A
  • Originates from the posterior border of the scapula and inserts into the greater tubercle of the humerus.
  • Innervated by the axillary nerve.
  • actions are to laterally rotate the upper limb.
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22
Q

What is tricep?

A
  • Three heads
  • Long head originates in the infra glenoid fossa and the other two heads either medially or laterally.
  • All insert themselves into the elecronon of the ulnar in one tendon.
  • Innervated by the radial nerve.
  • Actions are to the flex the arm at the elbow.
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23
Q

What is a frozen shoulder?

A
  • As supraspinatous runs from the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus it passes through a tight junction between the head of the humerus and the acronmin of the scapula. If the tendon become is inflamed it can cause pain when it passes through the tight gap so the patient would be able to move their arm up to a point, it when then be painful as it passed through the gap and then become pain free again.
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24
Q

What is axillary nerve palsy?

A
  • The axillary nerve runs from the axilla through the space below teres minor into the posterior compartment of the arm supplying the deltoid and teres minor. It runs close the neck of the humerus. This means if there is posterior shoulder dislocation or a break in the humerus neck is can cause axially nerve damage leading to loss of function of the deltoid, teres minor and also a small patch of lateral skin.
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25
Q

What is radial nerve palsy?

A
  • Runs in the spinal groove and means that direct pressure or break can cause palsy of the tricep.
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26
Q

What is ulnar nerve palsy?

A
  • Runs over the medial epicondyle can cause pain or pins and needles in the skin when it is damaged.
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27
Q

What are the border of axilla?

A
  • Anterior = pec major and minor
  • Posterior = latimissus dorsi, subscapularis and teres major.
  • Medial border = serratus anterior
  • Lateral border = head of the humerus as well as bicep bracii
  • Base = skin and fascia
  • Apex = medial is the 1st rib, in front is the clavice and behind the scapula.
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28
Q

What are the muscles that make up the anterior forearm?

A
  • Superficial: flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis, pronator teres
  • Intermediate: Flexor digitorium superficialis
  • Deep: Flexor digitorium profundus, flexor pollus longus, pronator quadratus
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29
Q

What is the nerve supply to anterior compartment of the forearm?

A
  • All median nerve apart from flexor carpi ulnaris and 1/2 of flexor digitorium.
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30
Q

What is the common origin of the flexor muscles?

A
  • Medial epicondyle
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31
Q

What are the carpal bones?

A
  • Scaphoid, lunate, pisiform and triquentium
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32
Q

What are the metacarpal bones in the hand?

A
  • Trapezium, trapeziod, capitate and hamata
33
Q

What does the axillary nerve supply?

A
  • Teres major, deltoid, triceps
34
Q

What does the accessory nerve supply?

A
  • Trapezius
35
Q

What does the musculocutenous nerve supply?

A
  • Bicep
36
Q

What are the thenar muscles?

A
  • Flexor pollus brevis
  • Abductor pollus brevis
  • Oponens pollicis
  • Innervated by the median nerve
37
Q

What are the hyperthena muscles?

A
  • Oponens digit minimi
  • Abductor digiti minimi
  • Flexor digiti minimi brevis
  • Innvervated by the ulna nerve
38
Q

What are the lumbricals?

A
  • Found at the base of the fingers
  • Lateral 2 = median nerve
  • Median 2 = ulnar nerve
39
Q

What are the palmar and dorsi interossi

A
  • Dorsal (4) and palmar (3) both innervated by the ulnar nerve.
40
Q

What are the skin supply on the palm?

A
  • Lateral 3 and a half = median

- Medial 1 and a half = ulnar

41
Q

What is the common origin of the extensor muscles in the posterior forearm?

A
  • Lateral epicondyle
42
Q

What is the nerve supply of the posterior forearm?

A
  • Radial nerve
43
Q

What are the superficial muscles in the posterior muscles?

A
  • Brachioradilus
  • Extensor carpi radiulus longus and brevis
  • Extensor digitorum
  • Extensor digit minimi
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
  • Anconeous
44
Q

What are the deep muscles in the posterior muscles?

A
  • Supinator
  • Abductor pollus longus
  • Extensor pollus longus and brevis
  • Extensor indicus
45
Q

What is the anatomical snuff box?

A
  • Proximal to the thumb

- Bound by the extensor pollus long and extensor pollus brevis

46
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A
  • Femoral nerve

- Femoral nerve divides into branches directly below the inguinal canal.

47
Q

What is the role of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A
  • Extensor of the knee
48
Q

What muscles make up the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A
  • Sartourius
  • Petinous
  • Vatasus lateralis
  • Vastasus medialis
  • Vastus intermedialis
  • Rectus femoris
49
Q

What structures pass through the anterior compartment of the thigh?-

A
  • Femoral nerve, vein and artery travel together over psoas major, the iliacus and pass onto the femur.
  • The nerve branches as does to the vein.
  • The long saphenous vein coming from the femoral vein passes through the femoral triangle.
  • Petinous is found deep to these triangle.
50
Q

What is the fascia lata?

A
  • Consolidation of thick fascia running on the lateral edge from the iliac crest to the tibia.
51
Q

What is the role of medial compartment of thigh?

A
  • Adductor of the knee
52
Q

What nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh?

A
  • Obturator nerve (which also innervates a small amount of the skin medially)
53
Q

Where do the muscles of the medial compartment thigh run to and from?

A
  • Originate from the pubis and insert into the medial part of the femur.
54
Q

What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A
  • Adductor brevis, longus and magnus
  • There is a small gap in the magnus called the hiatus which allows the femoral vessels to pass into the popliteal fossa.
55
Q

What is a femoral hernia?

A
  • Space between the end of the inguinal canal and the start of the superior pubic ramis, allows bowel to petrude out creating a hernia.
56
Q

Where can blood be taken from the femoral artery?

A
  • As the external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery it passes over the top of the hip joint, this is where a pulse can be felt and blood can be drawn, slightly to the left of this is where the femoral vein is to be able to take venous blood.
57
Q

What happens if the femoral nerve becomes damaged?

A
  • Can lead to paralysis of the quads
58
Q

How can the platela becomes displaced?

A
  • The hip joint is exactly above the knee joint which is exactly above the ankle joint.
  • Femur sits at a slight angle to tibia and therefore means that if the quads move too laterally it can displace the knee.
  • This is counteracted by the deep platela groove and also the medial fibres running horizontally from the vastus.
59
Q

What is the role of the hamstring muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A
  • Flex the knee
60
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior compartment of the knee?

A
  • Sciatic nerve
  • This originates from L5 to S1 - 4
  • Sciatic branchs supply the muscles of the hamstring and glutemus.
  • From the popliteal fossa the sciatic branches into the common popliteal nerve and the tibial nerve
  • All of the posterior compartment is supplied by the same branch apart from bicep femoris short head which is supplied by the common fibilar branch.
  • Adductor magnus in the middle compartment is not only an adductor but also part of the hamstring this means that its supplied by the obtrusor nerve and sciatic nerve
61
Q

What muscle makes up the glutameus region?

A
  • Glutemus maximus, minimus and medius.

- Found lateral to the irschial tuberosity

62
Q

What muscles make up the hamstring region?

A
  • Semimembranous, semitendinous (medially) and biceps femoris long and short head (lateral)
63
Q

What muscles make up the anterior compartment of the lower leg?

A
  • Extensor digitorium longus
  • Tibilous anterior
  • Extensor Hallicus longus
64
Q

What muscle innervates both the anterior and lateral compartment of the lower leg?

A
  • The common perineal nerve
65
Q

What are the muscles that make up the posterior compartment of the lower leg?

A
  • Superficial - head of gastrchemius, soleus and planteris and calcaneal tendon.
  • Deep - popliteulus, flexor digitorium longus, tibilous posterior and flexor hallicus longus
66
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the lower limb?

A
  • The tibial nerve
67
Q

What happens if the common perineal nerve becomes compressed?

A
  • It can prevent dorsoflexion of the foot meaning that only planter flexion can occur causing foot drop
68
Q

What are the metatarsals?

A

CTNCC

  • Calcaneus
  • Tulus
  • Navicular
  • Clineiformis
  • Caboid
69
Q

Why might the knee feel referred pain from the hip?

A
  • Because they are innervated by the same nerve.
70
Q

What does the lateral planter nerve supply?

A
  • The small muscles of the foot and the skin of the sole of the lateral 1 and a half toes.
71
Q

What does the median planter nerve supply?

A
  • The larger muscles of the foot and the skin of the sole of the median 3 and a half toes.
72
Q

What is the hip made up of?

A
  • Anteriorly = ileofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments

- Posteriorly = ischifemoral ligament

73
Q

How are the cruciate ligaments named?

A
  • After their attached ment to the tibia
74
Q

Which is more likely to tear the lateral or medial meniscus?

A
  • Medial as its attached to the joint capsule
75
Q

What movement does the ankle carry out?

A
  • Planter flexion and dorsiflexion
76
Q

Where does inversion and eversion occur in the foot?

A
  • Below the sub talus joints
77
Q

What carries out eversion?

A
  • Pernous longus and brevis
78
Q

What carries out inversion?

A
  • Tibilus anterior and posterior

Phase 1 Exam (25 decks)

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