Cardiology Public Health

Question 1

What does ‘Psychosocial’ risk factors include in terms of CHD?

Answer 1

• Response to the social environment and pathophysiological changes.
• Cognitive, behaviour and emotional features.

Question 2

What is Type A behaviour?

Answer 2

• A patient that is described to be competitive, hostile and impatient.
• This can be investigated using questionnaires, personal reflection and structural clinical interviews.

Question 3

What other psychosocial factors can contribute to CHD?

Answer 3

• Depression and Anxiety (Linked to social deprivation)
• Psychosocial work characteristics (Jobs with high pressure and low control lead to increased risk of MI)
• Social support (Those that are isolated, lonely or have poor support networks lead to increased risk)

Question 4

What does ‘inequality’ mean in terms of CHD?

Answer 4

• The difference in health status or outcome associated with personal or social characteristics.
• Example includes increased CVD mortality linked to lower socioeconomic status.

Question 5

What is ‘Odds Ratio’?

Answer 5

• A measure of association between an exposure and the outcome.

Question 6

What is Population Attributable Fraction?

Answer 6

• The proportion of the incidence of a disease in the exposed and non exposed population that is due to exposure.
• So if the exposure was removed it would become eliminated.

Question 7

What measures have helped to reduce the risk factors for CHD?

Answer 7

• Statins, BP medication, encouraging reduced smoking and weight loss to reduce obesity.