Neuro

Question 1

Most common soft tissue tumor

Answer 1

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 2

Malignancy with the highest mortality?

Answer 2

PNET

Question 3

Formerly known as partial seizure

Initial activation of neurons limited to part of 1 cerebral hemisphere

Answer 3

Focal seizures

Question 4

Most common type of benign epilepsy stndrome with focal seizure

Answer 4

Benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spike

Rolandic seizure

Question 5

3-10 years old
Outgrown during adolescence
Buccal and theoat tingling and tonic or clonic contraction 
Preserved consciousness 
EEG: broad based centrotemporal spike

Answer 5

Benign epilepsy syndrome with focal seizure

Question 6

Treatment for benign epilepsy with focal seizure

Answer 6

AED such as carbamazepine

Question 7

Seen in early childhood

Complex partial seizure with ictal vomiting

Answer 7

Benign epilepsy

Panayiotopoulus type

Question 8

Seen in late childhood

Complex partial seizure with visual auras, migrain headache

Answer 8

Benign epilepsy

Gastaut type

Question 9

Early myoclonic infantile encephalopathy starts during the 1st 2 months

Severe myoclonic seizures and burst suppression pattern on EEG

What is the usual cause

Answer 9

Inborn errors of metabolism

Question 10

Similar onset with Early myoclonic infantile encephalopathy but manifests as tonic seizures

Caused by brain malformations or syntaxin binding protein mutation

Answer 10

Ohtahara syndrome

Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy

Question 11

Starts as focal febrile status epilepticus and later as myoclonic and other seizure types

Answer 11

Dravet syndrome

Severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy

Question 12

Usually 2-12 months
Triad: 
infantile epileptic spasms
developmental regression
hypsarrhythmia on EEG

“As if doing sit ups”

Answer 12

West syndrome

Question 13

2-10 years old
Triad:
Developmental delay
Multiple seizure type
Slow waves, polyspike bursts in sleep and slow background in wakefulness

Answer 13

Lennox-Gastaut

Question 14

Treatment for focal seizure

Answer 14

Carbamazepine

Question 15

Treatment for absence seizure

Answer 15

Ethosuximide

Question 16

When to do lumbar tap?

Answer 16

Local guidelines: <18 months

All infants younger than 6 months who present with fever and seizure or at any age if there are symptoms of concern

Question 17

Major risk factors for recurrence of febrile seizures

Answer 17

Age <1 year
Duration of fever <24 hours
Fever 38-39C

Question 18

Most common seizure disorder during childhood

Answer 18

Simple febrile seizure

Question 19

Febrile seizure becomes complex type when the duration is _____ and repeat seizures occur within ______

Answer 19

More than 15 mins

Less than 24 hours in between

Question 20

Status epilepticus that has failed to respond to at least 2 medications

Answer 20

Refractory status epilepticus

Question 21

Initial emergent therapy for status epilepticus usually involves

Answer 21

IV diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam

Question 22

What viral infection is most commonly associated with febrile status epilepticus?

Answer 22

HHV 6 and 7

Question 23

Greatest risk of occurrence of subsequent epilepsy when the child has

Answer 23

Neurodevelopmental abnormalities

Question 24

Triad of Imaging Findings in TB Meningitis

Answer 24

Hydrocephalus
Basal enhancements
Infarcts

Question 25

Usual cause of obstructive or non communicating type of hydrocephalus

Answer 25

Aqueduct stenosis

Question 26

CSF flow pattern

Answer 26

Come Let Me Treat Sisa For Lunch Maybe Somewhere in Ayala ``` Choroid plexus Lateral ventricle Foramen of Monroe Third Ventricle Aqueduct of sylvius Fourth ventricle Lushka/Magendie Sinus Arachnoid ```

Question 27

Prefrontal headache High fever Disturbance in smell Swimming in warm water

Answer 27

Naegleria fowleri

Question 28

Bell's palsy Systemic disease Carditis Cutaneous lesions

Answer 28

Borrelia burgdorferi

Question 29

Ascending paralysis with history of GI infection

Answer 29

Campylobacter

Question 30

Ascending paralysis with history of respiratory infection

Answer 30

Hib

Question 31

Lethargy and irritability History of viral infection Chicken pox Asprin use

Answer 31

Reye syndrome

Question 32

Ocular nerve palsies | History of TB or active TB

Answer 32

TB meningitis

Question 33

``` Indications for surgery in brain abscess include: Presence of gas Multiloculated Fungal Associated infection like mastoiditis And in what location in the brain? ```

Answer 33

Posterior fossa

Question 34

Empiric treatment for brain abscess

Answer 34

3rd gen cephalosporin and metronidazole

Question 35

Neisseria meningitidis carriage is usually found in this organ

Answer 35

Nasopharynx

Question 36

Preferred treatment for Neisseria meningitis

Answer 36

Ceftriaxone

Question 37

Poor prognostic factors for meningitis

Answer 37

Petechiae <12 hours before admission Absence of meningitis Low or normal ESR

Question 38

Antibiotic prophylaxis for meningitis

Answer 38

Rifampin

Question 39

Fulminant form of meningococcemia where there is adrenal hemorrhage without vasculitis, DIC, coma and death

Answer 39

Waterhouse - Friderichsen syndrome

Question 40

Drug of choice for meningococcemia

Answer 40

Penicillin G

Question 41

Antibiotic prophylaxis in meningococcemia for children and adults

Answer 41

Children: rifampin 4 doses Adults: Ciprofloxacin single dose

Question 42

Sepsis, seizure, irritability, lethargy, bulging fontanelles, rigidity, patient less than 2 months old

Answer 42

GBS

Question 43

Headahce, fever, confusion, lethargy, nuchal rigidity, vomiting No proper vaccination <5 years old

Answer 43

Hib

Question 44

Headahce, fever, confusion, lethargy, nuchal rigidity, vomiting Properly vaccinated, abrupt onset, toxic looking rashes all over

Answer 44

N. meningitidis

Question 45

Headahce, fever, confusion, lethargy, nuchal rigidity, vomiting Young adults

Answer 45

S.pneumonia | Pneumococcus

Question 46

Headahce, fever, confusion, lethargy, nuchal rigidity, vomiting Renal transplant patient

Answer 46

Listeria

Question 47

Headahce, fever, confusion, lethargy, nuchal rigidity, vomiting Gradual onset, not toxic looking

Answer 47

Enterovirus

Question 48

Headahce, fever, confusion, lethargy, nuchal rigidity, vomiting RBC in CSF

Answer 48

HSV

Question 49

Most severe form of neural tube defect

Answer 49

Meningocele

Question 50

Meningocele results from the failure of the neural tube to close in the week of development

Answer 50

3rd and 4th

Question 51

Most common site of meningocele

Answer 51

Lumbosacral

Question 52

Meningocele is associated with what type of Arnold Chiari malformation?

Answer 52

Type 2

Question 53

Arnold Chiari malformation that includes elongation of cerebellar tonsils in the vertrebral canal

Answer 53

Type 1

Question 54

What type of Arnold Chiari malformation includes elongation of the posterior vermis and brainstem with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus?

Answer 54

Type 2

Question 55

What type of Arnold Chiari malformation includes a bony defect at occipitocervical level with herniation of cerebellum into encephalocele?

Answer 55

Type 3

Question 56

Pathogenesis of aura in migraine is called

Answer 56

Cortical spreading depression

Question 57

Prophylaxis for migraine

Answer 57

Propanolol

Question 58

Neurocutaneous syndromes usually arise from a defect in differentiation of this embryonic structure

Answer 58

Primitive ectoderm

Question 59

Tuberous sclerosis has characteristic brain lesions called tubers that are usually present in what area of the brain?

Answer 59

Subependymal region

Question 60

In tuberous sclerosis, The tubers in the brain undergo calcification and produce this appearance in imaging

Answer 60

Candle dripping appearance

Question 61

Infantile spasm Hypopigmented lesions -ash leaf Shagreen patch- orange peel lesion in lumbosacral region Subungual fibromas Mulberry retinal tumors, rhabdomyosarcoma of the heart

Answer 61

Tuberous sclerosis

Question 62

Von recklinghausen disease is located on what chromosome?

Answer 62

Chromosome 17

Question 63

Most prevalent type of neurofibromatosis

Answer 63

NF 1

Question 64

Cafe au lait spots sparing the face are included in the criteria for diagnosis of neurofibromatosis. How many should be present?

Answer 64

6 or more that is >5mm in prepubertals and >15 mm in post pubertals

Question 65

How many criteria should be fulfilled for the diagnosis of neurofibromatosis?

Answer 65

2/7

Question 66

Hamartomas within the iris in neurofibromatosis is also called

Answer 66

Lisch nodules

Question 67

This finding is present in NF 2

Answer 67

Acoustic neuroma

Question 68

Infection usually implicated in the development of Guillain Barre syndrome

Answer 68

Campylobacter jejuni | HSV

Question 69

This is usually the last function to recover in GBS

Answer 69

tendon reflexes

Question 70

Usually the last symptom to resolve in GBS

Answer 70

Lower extremity weakness

Question 71

CSF finding in GBS

Answer 71

Increased protein Normal glucose Normal cells

Question 72

Most common site of medulloblastoma

Answer 72

Cerebellum

Question 73

Homer Wright rosettes

Answer 73

Medulloblastoma

Question 74

Most common infratentorial tumor and the best prognosis

Answer 74

Cerebellar astrocytoma

Question 75

Supratentorial Solid and cystic areas that tend to calcify Short stature Pressure to optic chiasm- visual defects

Answer 75

Craniopharyngioma

Question 76

Most common cause of arterial ischemic stroke in children

Answer 76

Arteriopathy

Question 77

Type of intracranial hemorrhage associated with trauma

Answer 77

Epidural

Question 78

Type of intracranial hemorrhage associated with abusive trauma

Answer 78

Subdural

Question 79

Most common cause of childhood subarachnoid and intraparenchymal hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 79

AV malformation