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ANATOMY 2! > Neuro 2 study cards > Flashcards

Neuro 2 study cards Flashcards

1
Q

Myasthenia Gravis: hereditary or Autoimmune disorder?

A

Autoimmune disorder

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2
Q

Define myopathy

A

neuromuscular disorders in which the primary symptom is muscle weakness due to dysfunction of muscle fibers.

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3
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis

A

Neuromuscular disease of the neuromuscular junction, Skeletal m. weakness that worsens with activity and improves with rest.

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4
Q

Symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis?

A
  • Diplopia (double vision)
  • Facial weakness
  • Ptosis- (eyelid drooping)
  • SOB
  • Weakness in neck, UE, LE
  • Fatigue
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5
Q

Interventions fro Myasthenia Gravis?

A
  • Interval training
  • Fatigue intervention/ conservation
  • Physical and behavioral training
  • Resistance, Aerobic, and balance.
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6
Q

Precautions of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

• MG Crisis
o Medical emergency where breathing stops and the individual requires ventilation.
o Not always related to exercise .

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7
Q

Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (LGMD): hereditary or Autoimmune disorder?

A

Hereditary

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8
Q

What does Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (LGMD) affect?

A

Affects proximal muscles, Some may have cardiomyopathy

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9
Q

Early stages of Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy presents what symptoms? (early and late)?

A
  • Early stage: changes in walking, hands on knees to transition.
  • Late Stage: may require a w/c
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10
Q

Interventions for Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy?

A
  • Resistance training
  • Aerobic training
  • Work more on functional tasks
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11
Q

Age for male and women to get Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Women< 40 yrs

men >60 yrs

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12
Q

Fascioscapularhumeral Muscular Dystrophy % of type 1 vs type 2?

A

type 1 : 95%

type 2: 5%

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13
Q

Fascioscapularhumeral Muscular Dystrophy: hereditary or Autoimmune disorder?

A

hereditary

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14
Q

When do symptoms come about (age) for Fascioscapularhumeral Muscular Dystrophy?

A

before 20

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15
Q

Number one symptom or presentation of Fascioscapularhumeral Muscular Dystrophy?

A

Mask-like appearance

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16
Q

Interventions for Fascioscapularhumeral Muscular Dystrophy?

A
  • Pulmonary function test
  • Speech therapy
  • Hamstring and trunk muscles early onset
  • Maintain flexibility
  • Manage pain
  • Orthotics
  • Gait aid
  • w/c
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17
Q

are thick or thin myelin faster?

A

Thicker the faster conduction

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18
Q

are thick or thin myelin slower?

A

thin is slower conduction

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19
Q

Shwann cells make?

A

Myelin in the PNS

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20
Q

oligodendrocytes make?

A

Myelin in the CNS

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21
Q

How is Bell’s palsy acquired?

A

after a viral infection

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22
Q

What does Bells palsy affect?

A

Half of the face

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23
Q

What nerve does bells palsy affect ?

A

CN 7 (facial nerve)

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24
Q

What percent of Bell’s palsy patients have a full recover?

A

71%

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25
Q

How does Trigeminal Neuralgia present?

A

Really bad facial pain: brief, intense bursts of pain within a distribution of pain.

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26
Q

How does one get Trigeminal Neuralgia?

A

compression of trigeminal nerve (CN5)

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27
Q

What is Poliomyelitis? what causes it?

A

Epidemic in the 1950s

Caused by a virus that is highly infectious especially in children <5 y.o

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28
Q

Symptoms of Poliomyelitis?

A
  • Fever
  • Fatigue
  • Headache
  • Vomiting
  • Stiffness of the neck
  • Pian in the limbs
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29
Q

What is Postpolio Syndrome (PPS)

A

New neuromuscular symptoms that occur decades after recovery

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30
Q

Who develops Postpolio Syndrome (PPS) ?

A

¼ to ½ with childhood polio develop PPS.

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31
Q

What symptoms do Postpolio Syndrome (PPS) have?

A

Deterioration in the LE, predispose individuals to overuse of UE m. for compensation.

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32
Q

Interventions for Postpolio Syndrome (PPS)?

A 
	Non-exhaustive exercises. 
	General body conditioning
	Lifestyle modifications/ energy conservation 
	Compensation 
	Prevention
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33
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: Hereditary or autoimmune?

A

Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy.

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34
Q

What does Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease symptoms look like?

A

Distal limb muscle wasting and weakness,
abnormalities in DTRs and skeletal deformity.
Begins with affecting ankle DF and EV (peroneal n.)

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35
Q

Which type of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease is axonal?

A
  • CMT1: Dysmyelinating
  • CMT2: Axonal
  • CMT3: Dysmyelinating
  • CMT4: Dysmyelinating or axonal
  • CMT5: Dysmyelinating
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36
Q

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) Affect what cells?

A

Schwann cells and neurons

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37
Q

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) is under what classification?

A

metabolic

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38
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) & AIDP Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy presents?

A

most common cause of rapidly evolving motor paresis, paralysis, and sensory deficits.

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39
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) & AIDP Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy is motor or sensory?

A

either motor and sensory

or
Just motor

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40
Q

Name the peripheral nervous system disorders?

A 
o	Myasthenia Gravis
o	Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 
o	Fascioscapularhumeral Muscular Dystrophy 
o	Bell’s Palsy
o	Trigeminal Neuralgia 
o	Poliomyelitis
o	Postpolio Syndrome (PPS)
o	Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 
o	Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy 
o	Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)/ AIDP
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41
Q

ALS- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is most common in men or women?

A

Men

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42
Q

When does ALS typically present? (age)

A

40+

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43
Q

Define: ALS- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

Progressive NM disease characterized by degeneration and eventual death of upper motor neurons and LMN causing weakness of the limb, respiratory, and bulbar musculature.

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44
Q

Pathology of ALS

A

Dysfunction of the EAAT2

Loss of
brainstem CN nuclei and
anterior horn cells in spinal
cord

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45
Q

For GBS/AIDP what do we want to avoid?

A

fatigue exercises

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46
Q

When would you see foot deformities?

A

Charcot foot deformities

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47
Q

What percent of people with DM will develop Diabetic peripheral neuropathy?

A

50%

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48
Q

Who are most likely to get ALS

A

White males

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49
Q

ALS scale to diagnose

A

EI Escorial Criteria

Presence of all three:
o LMN degeneration by exam.
o UMN degeneration by exam
o Progression of the motor syndrome within a region or to other regions by Hx and exam.

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50
Q

ALS survival rate for 3, 5 and 10 years

A

3 years: 50%
5 years: 20%
10 years: 10%

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51
Q

What are negative progonistic factors for ALS?

A
  • Negative prognostic factors:
  • Bulbar onset
  • Weight loss
  • Cognitive impairment
  • Impaired respiratory function
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52
Q

what are the two staging outcomes we use for ALS? and score ranges

A

King’s Clinical Staging (0-5)
&
MITOS Functional Staging (0-5)

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53
Q

For ALS what gets affected first distal or proximal extremities?

A

Distal to proximal

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54
Q

Weakness, low tone (hypotonia) and decreased/absent reflexes are signs of what?

A

LMN lesion

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55
Q

Hyperrelexia would be result of?

A

UMN lesion

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56
Q

Clonus, babinski, Hoffmans is a ___ lesion?

A

UMN lesion

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57
Q

Largest gene in the body?

A

Dystrophin

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58
Q

Whats apraxia?

A

It’s when you can’t do learned movements on command

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59
Q

true or false: you can do a prenatal screen for Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

A

False

60
Q

What can you do a prenatal screen for?

A

SMA

61
Q

What is the 2nd most common type of dementia

A

Vascular dementia

62
Q

What are the cardinal signs of PD?

A 
	TRAP
•	T: tremor: resting. 
•	R: rigidity 
•	A: Bradykinesia (Akinesia) 
•	P: Postural instability
63
Q

What type of tremor is associated with PD

A

resting tremor

64
Q

Age and percentage of boys that lose ambulation with DMD?

A

age 10-12: >70% of boys lose ambulation

65
Q

What age do boys present Prominent muscle weakness with DMD ?

A

5 years old

66
Q

Signs of SMA (spinal muscular atrophy)

A 
Smart 
Kind
they can slip through your arms 
hand tremor 
tongue fassiculations
67
Q

What part of the brain does Parkinson’s affect?

A

Substantia nigra (in the basal ganglia)

68
Q

most common form of hereditary ataxia in the US?

A

Fredrick’s Ataxia

69
Q

What part of the brain is damaged With ATAXIA

A

Cerebellum

70
Q

Are the impairments from guillaine barre permanent?

A

NO

71
Q

GB symptoms

A

Tingling
numbness
weakness
starting distal to proximal

72
Q

Name the two Subcortical Dementias?

A
  1. Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)

2. Huntington’s disease

73
Q

Scales used for dementia?

A

global deterioration scale 1-7

GEMS

74
Q

Can you do blood work tests for Parkinson’s?

A

NO

75
Q

medications for PD

A

dopamine replacement and deep brain stimulator

76
Q

how long do deep brain stimulators work for?

A

3-5 years

77
Q

How long does Dopamine replacement for PD last?

A

5 years

78
Q

whats the gold standard diagnostic test thing for PD?

A

UPDRS (united parkinsons disease rating scale)

79
Q

Whats the 2nd used scale diagnostic test thing for PD?

A

Hoehn and Yahr

80
Q

Parkinson’s has too much or too little dopamine?

A

not enough

81
Q

Which disease is characterized by choreic (dance) movements?

A

HUNTINGTONS

82
Q

what stages of Hoehn and Yahr involve unilateral deficits ?

A

1, 1.5 and 2

83
Q

Stocking glove pattern neuropathy is associated with that?

A

Diabetes

84
Q

Why is MS considered an autoimmune disease ? what attacks what ?

A

T cell and B cells are overproduced and attack oligodendrocytes.

85
Q

What chemical imbalance causes HD?

A

Chromosome 4 produced a protein called huntingtin which caused neuronal degeneration and death.

86
Q

Whats the most common type of MS ?

A

Relapsing-remitting

87
Q

What the most effective way to manage heat with MS?

A

Spray bottle with fan

88
Q

what a cardinal sign of ATAXIC DYSARTHRIA?

A

“scanning speech” slurred “drunk”

89
Q

Where does PICA come off of ?

A

vertebral artery

90
Q

Where does AICA come off of ?

A

basilar artery

91
Q

Where does most of the blood supply in brain come from?

A

Superior cerebellar A

92
Q

Where is the big dentate nucleus located?

A

cerebellum

93
Q

Can someone with stage 4 Huntington’s live independently ?

A

No

94
Q

Most primitive (vestibular nuclei) is in the ?

A

BRAINSTEM

95
Q

blank percent of MS patients will require an aid to walk within blank years?

A

50% within 10 years

96
Q

Whats the best type of MS to get?

A

relapsing-remitting

97
Q

Where is MS more common?

A

In US and Europe, places where there is less sunlight (VITAMIN D)

98
Q

What type of medication is used for MS

A

corticosteroids

99
Q

What is the number one important thing to ppl with MS?

A

Walking is generally the most important function to people. (70%)

100
Q

Biggest symptom for ppl with MS?

A

fatigue

101
Q

If someone can walk 500 meters With MS what general range EDSS are they on?

A

0-3.5: Mild Disability

102
Q

If someone can walk 100-500 meters With MS what general range EDSS are they on

A

4-5.5: Moderate Disability

103
Q

If someone cant walk 100 meters Without assistance with MS what general range EDSS are they on.

A

6+

104
Q

Name some non motor signs of Parkinson’s ?

A

Olfactory loss, sleep dysfunction, autonomic dysfunction, hallucinations, dementia

105
Q

Older age, lower BMI, cigarette smoking, being a professional athlete, and repeated head injuries are all risk factors for what ?

A

ALS (lou gertis)

106
Q

Most important intervention for patients with dementia

A

exercises

107
Q

What progresses faster: postural instability and gait disorder or tremor predominant PD

A

PIGD

108
Q

What is the gold standard for measuring PD impairments ?

A

UPDRS (higher the score the worse)

109
Q

Is ALS an UMN or LMN disease ?

A

Both

110
Q

Most ppl with MS will not be working within ____ years?

A

10

111
Q

A scared look is a characteristic of what disease ?

A

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)

112
Q

PD plan of care, emphasize what 4 things

A

Flexibility, strength, aerobic conditions and task specific training?

113
Q

Describe what happens with SMA if the novel treatment isn’t given

A

mm atrophy until eventual respiratory/cardiac failure

114
Q

SMA’s novel treatment lets them?

A

gene therapy: lives a full life

115
Q

What is a common gait abnormality in patients with CMT

A

stomping

116
Q

True or false: there is novel treatment for CMT

A

False

117
Q

Describe common gait abnormalities in DMD

A

Extended, closed-packed and trendelenberg

118
Q

Too much or too little dystrophin in DMD?

A

little

119
Q

True or false: SMA is an autosomal recessive disease?

A

true

120
Q

Which is most common type of CMT: dysmyelinating or axonal ?

A

dysmyelinating

121
Q

Lewy body and huntingtons are what types of dementia

A

subcoritcal

122
Q

What type of memory is best to train w dementia ? implicit or explicit

A

implicit

123
Q

What type of memory do you train with cerebellar disorders? implicit or explicit

A

explicit

124
Q

Are fruits and vegetables helpful in protecting yourself against dementia?

A

true

125
Q

What serious medical complication comes from bell’s palsy ?

A

eye can dry out

126
Q

Whats the difference between stroke and bells palsy sx?

A

Bell’s palsy is complete paralysis, Stroke can raise their eyebrows.

127
Q

Explain why a pes cavus happens with CMT?

A

Something to do with the DF/EV losing control first. (peroneal n damage)

128
Q

Whats dysmetria?

A

Impaired ability to scale movement distance

129
Q

A cerebellar tremor is also called what kind of tremor?

A

action tremor

130
Q

When do Fredricks ataxia symptoms start?

A

5-15 YO

131
Q

Are Focal lessions better or worse prognosis

A

better

132
Q

idiopathic disease? (no known cause)

A

multiple systems atrophy (MSA)

133
Q

DO blood supply zones and functional zones correlate?

A

No

134
Q

Name the functional zones

A

Cerebrocerebellum

Spinocerebellum

Vestibulocerebelum

135
Q

What is the largest functional zone?

A

cerebrocerebellum

136
Q

What is cerebrocerebellum zone?

A

Largest and in charge of planning and initiating voluntary movement

137
Q

What is spinocerebelar zone?

A

comparator, regulation of muscle tone and coordinates skilled voluntary movement, postural tone

138
Q

Vestibularcerebellum where is the nuclei

A

in brain stem

139
Q

What does vestibularcereebelum do?

A

balance, eye movement VOR

140
Q

How do we treat cerebellar disorders implicit or explicit learning?

A

explicit

141
Q

What is deep in the cerebellum?

A

Fastigial nucleus anf Dentate nucleus

both nucleus

142
Q

Where is vestibular nuclei?

A

brainstem

143
Q

where are purkinji cells

A

white matter

144
Q

What can you do to test Dysmetria?

A

heel to shin, finger to nose test

145
Q

Scale for ataxia

A

BARS, SARA, ICARS

ANATOMY 2! (9 decks)

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