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Cram List for NPTE > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

VOR = ?

A

Vestibuloocular reflex

Head and Eye movement coordination; support gaze stabilization; eye movement counters the movements of the head

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2
Q

VSR = ?

What part of brain?

A

Vestibulospinal reflex

attempts to stabilize the body; assist with stability while the head is moving as well as coordination of the trunk during upright posture

Extrapyramydal system from cortex to spine

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3
Q

Hip strategy

A

Hips move an opposite direction of the head, muscles contract proximal to distal

Large LOB @ pelvis 

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4
Q

What is the first balance strategy to be illiciited by a small or low velocity perturbation

A

Ankle strategy

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5
Q

Describe the suspensory strategy

A

Lower center of gravity during standing or ambulation

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6
Q

When is the stepping strategy used

A

If a perturbation occurs during static standing or if the center of gravity moves be on the base of support

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7
Q

What is vestibular input about

Where is vestibular input received

A

Position of the head in relation to gravity

Received at the three semi circular canals

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8
Q

Define dystonia

Common diseases in what you may see dystonia

A

Sustained muscle contractions that cause twisting abnormal postures and repetitive movements

Parkinson’s
cerebral palsy
Huntington’s disease

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9
Q

Define Chroea

A

A form of hyperkinesia that presents with brief irregular contractions that are rapid, looks like fidgeting

Huntington’s

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10
Q

Define athetosis

A

A movement disorder that presents with slow writhing movements primarily seen in the face tongue trunk and extremities; may merge with coria or dystonia and are associated with spasticity

CP/basal ganglia pathology

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11
Q

What is asthenia

A

Generalized weakness secondary to cerebellar pathology

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12
Q

Form of rigidity where there is uniform and constant resistance to range of motion

A

Lead pipe rigidity

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13
Q

A form of rigidity where resistance to movement has a phasic quality, often seen in Parkinson’s

A

Cogwheel rigidity

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14
Q

a condition in which there is improper measuring of distance in muscular acts; hyper?? is overreaching (overstepping) and hypo?? is underreaching (understepping).

A

Dysmetria

Hypermetria, hypometria

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15
Q

This movement disorder is closely related to athetosis, however it involves more axial muscles than appendicular muscles

A

Dystonia

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16
Q

A muscular twitch that is caused by random discharge of a lower motor neuron and it’s muscle fibers

A

Fasciculation

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17
Q

What is hemiballism

A

An involuntary ballistic movement of large body part

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18
Q

A characteristic of an upper motor neuron lesion with alternating spasmodic contraction precipitated by quick stretch reflex

A

Clonus

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19
Q

A form of resistance seen during range of motion of a hypertonic joint: greatest resistance and initiation which lessons through the movement

A

Clasp knife response

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20
Q

The inability to perform coordinated

A

Ataxia

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21
Q

What is Akinesia

A

The inability to initiate movement

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22
Q

Tremors that get worse with intentional movement is associated with what parts of the brain/spinal cord

Typically seen in?

A

Cerebellum, efferent pathways

MS

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23
Q

Pill rolling is a resting tremor associated with what part of the brain and what disease

A

Parkinson’s/Basal G

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24
Q

Somatisensory receptors perceive what and are located where and

A

Perceive proprioception, balance

Located in joins, mm, ligs, skin

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25
Q

What nerve is likely to be damaged with a fracture of the clavicle

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

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26
Q

What nerve is likely to be damaged with a fracture of the neck of the humerus or an anterior dislocation of the shoulder

A

Axillary nerve

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27
Q

What nerve is affected by tarsal tunnel in trapment or popliteal fossa compression

A

The tibial nerve

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28
Q

Blunt force trauma to the pelvis or a total hip arthroplasty may affect what nerve

A

Sciatic

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29
Q

Hysterectomy appendectomy or fracture of the femur may affect what nerve

A

Femoral nerve

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30
Q

Stereognosis is what ability

A

The ability to identify an object without sight

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31
Q

Barognosis is what ability

A

The ability to perceive weight differences in the hand

32
Q

What spinal level is tested at the brachioradialis and where do you strike

A

Support the forearm in neutral and strike the radius 2 inches above the wrist

C5-6

33
Q

What is a reflex grade of one plus

A

Diminished or repressed response may or may not be normal

34
Q

What is a reflex grade of 2+

A

Normal

35
Q

What is a reflex grade of 3+

A

Brisk or exaggerated, may or may not be normal

36
Q

What is a reflex grade of zero

A

No response always abnormal

37
Q

What is a reflex grade of 4+

A

Hyper active, always abnormal

38
Q

If you’re having difficulty eliciting a reflex, what should you do

A

Instruct the patient to lock the fingers together and pull then retest

Aka Jendrassik maneuver

39
Q

What lower extremity muscles are directly innervated by the lumbar plexus

A

Psoas major and minor, quadratus lumborum

40
Q

The sciatic nerve innervates what muscle group

A

The hamstrings

41
Q

The sacral plexus innervates what muscles

A

Piriformis ; obturator internus ; quadratus femoris; gemelli

A.k.a. the small muscles of the pelvis

42
Q

The tibial nerve innervates what group of muscles

A

The flexors of the ankle and foot

43
Q

The femoral nerve innervates what group of muscles

A

The quads

44
Q

The spinothalamic tract is responsible for what sensations

Think - what is “thalamic pain?”

A

Crude touch, pressure, pain and temperature

45
Q

The interior aspect of the quarter of spinal track is responsible for movement on what side of the body

A

Ipsilateral voluntary discrete and skilled movement

46
Q

The lateral aspect of the corticospinal tract is responsible for movement on what side of the body

A

The contralateral side

47
Q

Babinski sign, absent superficial abdominal reflexes, and loss of fine motor or skilled voluntary movement implicates what type of damage

A

Damage to the corticospinal aka Piramidal tracks, UMN

48
Q

The sensory track for the trunk neck and upper extremity proprioception, vibration, two point discrimination, and graphesthesia

A

Fasciculus gracilis on the dorsal column

49
Q

The sensory tract responsible for upper extremity proprioception vibration two point discrimination and graphesthesia

A

Fasciculus cutaneous on the dorsal column

50
Q

What is the letter associated with nerve fibers that are large, myelinated

A

A fibers

51
Q

What is the letter associated with medium sized myelinated fibers responsible for autognomic regulation

A

B fibers

52
Q

What nerve fibers are small, unmyelinated, and are primarily used in the sympathetic system to detect pain temperature in touch

A

C fibers

53
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in myelination, help facilitate rapid conduction of nerve impulse

54
Q

The hindbrain consists of what three structures

A

Cerebellum, pons or metenCephalon, medulla oblongata

55
Q

The rear of the temporal lobe enables what social emotional intelligence

A

The ability to interpret other peoples emotions and reactions

56
Q

Impairments of the temporal lobe include what

A

Learning deficits, receptive aphasia, antisocial or aggressive behaviors, facial recognition, memory, ability to categorize objects

57
Q

Contrilateral sensory deficits, impaired language comprehension, difficulty getting dressed, difficulty reading are associated with damage to what lobe

A

Parietal

58
Q

Brocad and Wernekes areas are what side of the brain

A

Left

59
Q

What part of the brain processes information to coordinate sensory perception and movement

A

Thalamus

60
Q

The epithalamus includes what structure and performs what roles

A

Pineal gland - sleep, cyrcadian rhythm, internal clock, some motor and emotional roles

61
Q

The subthalamus holds what structures and plays what roles

A

Basal ganglia, substantia nigra: regulates movement produced by skeletal muscles

62
Q

What role does the hypothalamus play

A

Receives and integrates information from autonomic nervous system in order to regulate hormones: hunger thirst sexual behavior and sleeping, regulates body temperature and directly influences adrenal glands + pituitary gland

63
Q

What is the midbrain

A

connects the forebrain to the hindbrain and functions as a relay area for information from the cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord: reflex center for visual auditory and tactile responses

64
Q

The majority of cranial nerves originate within the

A

Brain stem

65
Q

What role does the hippocampus play

A

Memory indexer

66
Q

What two major sensory impacts does a posterior CVA have

A

Thalamic pain disorder: abnormal sensation of pain temperature touch and proprioception

Cortical blindness: loss of vision due to damage to the visual portion of the occipital cortex

67
Q

Ipsilateral ataxia, it’s a lateral facial pain, vertigo, contralateral pain and temperature impairment may result from a CVA and what artery

A

Vertebrobasilar artery

68
Q

personality changes, mutism, incontinence, and paraplegia are associated with a CVA in which artery

A

The anterior cerebral artery, associated with the frontal lobe

69
Q

Best policies for treating aphasia

A

1: speak slowly and leave adequate time to process and respond before progressing
2: limit extra noise and multiple voices
3: queuing strategies must avoid verbal input and use tactile and visual cues
4: be concise, use yes/no questioning
5: allow the patient performed the activity without repetitive feedback

70
Q

Motor disorder of speech that is caused by an upper motor neuron lesion corn affects the muscles used articulate words and sounds: slurred speech and may affect respiratory system due to weakness

A

Dysarthria

71
Q

In case of a seizure call 911 after how many minutes

A

5

72
Q

Once a seizure has subsided turn the person to which side of the body until they are fully alert

A

Left

73
Q

A prodromal period before a seizure may include what

Aura at beginning of event may include

A

Mood changes, lightheadedness, sleep disturbance, irritability, difficulty concentrating

Restlessness, nervousness, anxiety, heaviness, general feeling that something is not right

74
Q

CVA that affects the cerebellum includes what

A

Decreased balance, ataxia, coordination problems, nausea, postural problems, nystagmus

75
Q

The pyramidal tracts descend from what part of brain

A

medullary pyramids; paired white matter structures of the brainstem’s medulla

76
Q

The ??? system is composed of a cluster of interconnected nuclei that are located deep within the white matter of the brain; receive nerve impulses from the cerebral cortex and send projections to the brainstem and spinal cord to perform ???

A

Extrapyramydal system

regulation of involuntary movements (reflexes), maintaining posture

Cram List for NPTE (22 decks)

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