Neuro Flashcards by Devin McDonnell

VOR = ?

Vestibuloocular reflex

Head and Eye movement coordination; support gaze stabilization; eye movement counters the movements of the head

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

VSR = ?

What part of brain?

Vestibulospinal reflex

attempts to stabilize the body; assist with stability while the head is moving as well as coordination of the trunk during upright posture

Extrapyramydal system from cortex to spine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hip strategy

Hips move an opposite direction of the head, muscles contract proximal to distal

Large LOB @ pelvis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the first balance strategy to be illiciited by a small or low velocity perturbation

Ankle strategy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the suspensory strategy

Lower center of gravity during standing or ambulation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When is the stepping strategy used

If a perturbation occurs during static standing or if the center of gravity moves be on the base of support

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is vestibular input about

Where is vestibular input received

Position of the head in relation to gravity

Received at the three semi circular canals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define dystonia

Common diseases in what you may see dystonia

Sustained muscle contractions that cause twisting abnormal postures and repetitive movements

Parkinson’s
cerebral palsy
Huntington’s disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define Chroea

A form of hyperkinesia that presents with brief irregular contractions that are rapid, looks like fidgeting

Huntington’s

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Define athetosis

A movement disorder that presents with slow writhing movements primarily seen in the face tongue trunk and extremities; may merge with coria or dystonia and are associated with spasticity

CP/basal ganglia pathology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is asthenia

Generalized weakness secondary to cerebellar pathology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Form of rigidity where there is uniform and constant resistance to range of motion

Lead pipe rigidity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A form of rigidity where resistance to movement has a phasic quality, often seen in Parkinson’s

Cogwheel rigidity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a condition in which there is improper measuring of distance in muscular acts; hyper?? is overreaching (overstepping) and hypo?? is underreaching (understepping).

Dysmetria

Hypermetria, hypometria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This movement disorder is closely related to athetosis, however it involves more axial muscles than appendicular muscles

Dystonia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A muscular twitch that is caused by random discharge of a lower motor neuron and it’s muscle fibers

Fasciculation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is hemiballism

An involuntary ballistic movement of large body part

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A characteristic of an upper motor neuron lesion with alternating spasmodic contraction precipitated by quick stretch reflex

Clonus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A form of resistance seen during range of motion of a hypertonic joint: greatest resistance and initiation which lessons through the movement

Clasp knife response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The inability to perform coordinated

Ataxia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Akinesia

The inability to initiate movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tremors that get worse with intentional movement is associated with what parts of the brain/spinal cord

Typically seen in?

Cerebellum, efferent pathways

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pill rolling is a resting tremor associated with what part of the brain and what disease

Parkinson’s/Basal G

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Somatisensory receptors perceive what and are located where and

Perceive proprioception, balance

Located in joins, mm, ligs, skin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What nerve is likely to be damaged with a fracture of the clavicle

Musculocutaneous nerve

What nerve is likely to be damaged with a fracture of the neck of the humerus or an anterior dislocation of the shoulder

Axillary nerve

What nerve is affected by tarsal tunnel in trapment or popliteal fossa compression

The tibial nerve

Blunt force trauma to the pelvis or a total hip arthroplasty may affect what nerve

Sciatic

Hysterectomy appendectomy or fracture of the femur may affect what nerve

Femoral nerve

Stereognosis is what ability

The ability to identify an object without sight

Barognosis is what ability

The ability to perceive weight differences in the hand

What spinal level is tested at the brachioradialis and where do you strike

Support the forearm in neutral and strike the radius 2 inches above the wrist C5-6

What is a reflex grade of one plus

Diminished or repressed response may or may not be normal

What is a reflex grade of 2+

Normal

What is a reflex grade of 3+

Brisk or exaggerated, may or may not be normal

What is a reflex grade of zero

No response always abnormal

What is a reflex grade of 4+

Hyper active, always abnormal

If you’re having difficulty eliciting a reflex, what should you do

Instruct the patient to lock the fingers together and pull then retest Aka Jendrassik maneuver

What lower extremity muscles are directly innervated by the lumbar plexus

Psoas major and minor, quadratus lumborum

The sciatic nerve innervates what muscle group

The hamstrings

The sacral plexus innervates what muscles

Piriformis ; obturator internus ; quadratus femoris; gemelli A.k.a. the small muscles of the pelvis

The tibial nerve innervates what group of muscles

The flexors of the ankle and foot

The femoral nerve innervates what group of muscles

The quads

The spinothalamic tract is responsible for what sensations Think - what is “thalamic pain?”

Crude touch, pressure, pain and temperature

The interior aspect of the quarter of spinal track is responsible for movement on what side of the body

Ipsilateral voluntary discrete and skilled movement

The lateral aspect of the corticospinal tract is responsible for movement on what side of the body

The contralateral side

Babinski sign, absent superficial abdominal reflexes, and loss of fine motor or skilled voluntary movement implicates what type of damage

Damage to the corticospinal aka Piramidal tracks, UMN

The sensory track for the trunk neck and upper extremity proprioception, vibration, two point discrimination, and graphesthesia

Fasciculus gracilis on the dorsal column

The sensory tract responsible for upper extremity proprioception vibration two point discrimination and graphesthesia

Fasciculus cutaneous on the dorsal column

What is the letter associated with nerve fibers that are large, myelinated

A fibers

What is the letter associated with medium sized myelinated fibers responsible for autognomic regulation

B fibers

What nerve fibers are small, unmyelinated, and are primarily used in the sympathetic system to detect pain temperature in touch

C fibers

What are nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in myelination, help facilitate rapid conduction of nerve impulse

The hindbrain consists of what three structures

Cerebellum, pons or metenCephalon, medulla oblongata

The rear of the temporal lobe enables what social emotional intelligence

The ability to interpret other peoples emotions and reactions

Impairments of the temporal lobe include what

Learning deficits, receptive aphasia, antisocial or aggressive behaviors, facial recognition, memory, ability to categorize objects

Contrilateral sensory deficits, impaired language comprehension, difficulty getting dressed, difficulty reading are associated with damage to what lobe

Parietal

Brocad and Wernekes areas are what side of the brain

Left

What part of the brain processes information to coordinate sensory perception and movement

Thalamus

The epithalamus includes what structure and performs what roles

Pineal gland - sleep, cyrcadian rhythm, internal clock, some motor and emotional roles

The subthalamus holds what structures and plays what roles

Basal ganglia, substantia nigra: regulates movement produced by skeletal muscles

What role does the hypothalamus play

Receives and integrates information from autonomic nervous system in order to regulate hormones: hunger thirst sexual behavior and sleeping, regulates body temperature and directly influences adrenal glands + pituitary gland

What is the midbrain

connects the forebrain to the hindbrain and functions as a relay area for information from the cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord: reflex center for visual auditory and tactile responses

The majority of cranial nerves originate within the

Brain stem

What role does the hippocampus play

Memory indexer

What two major sensory impacts does a posterior CVA have

Thalamic pain disorder: abnormal sensation of pain temperature touch and proprioception Cortical blindness: loss of vision due to damage to the visual portion of the occipital cortex

Ipsilateral ataxia, it’s a lateral facial pain, vertigo, contralateral pain and temperature impairment may result from a CVA and what artery

Vertebrobasilar artery

personality changes, mutism, incontinence, and paraplegia are associated with a CVA in which artery

The anterior cerebral artery, associated with the frontal lobe

Best policies for treating aphasia

1: speak slowly and leave adequate time to process and respond before progressing 2: limit extra noise and multiple voices 3: queuing strategies must avoid verbal input and use tactile and visual cues 4: be concise, use yes/no questioning 5: allow the patient performed the activity without repetitive feedback

Motor disorder of speech that is caused by an upper motor neuron lesion corn affects the muscles used articulate words and sounds: slurred speech and may affect respiratory system due to weakness

Dysarthria

In case of a seizure call 911 after how many minutes

Once a seizure has subsided turn the person to which side of the body until they are fully alert

Left

A prodromal period before a seizure may include what Aura at beginning of event may include

Mood changes, lightheadedness, sleep disturbance, irritability, difficulty concentrating Restlessness, nervousness, anxiety, heaviness, general feeling that something is not right

CVA that affects the cerebellum includes what

Decreased balance, ataxia, coordination problems, nausea, postural problems, nystagmus

The pyramidal tracts descend from what part of brain

medullary pyramids; paired white matter structures of the *brainstem's medulla*

The ??? system is composed of a cluster of interconnected nuclei that are located deep within the white matter of the brain; receive nerve impulses from the cerebral cortex and send projections to the brainstem and spinal cord to perform ???

Extrapyramydal system regulation of involuntary movements (reflexes), maintaining posture