Neuro Flashcards
VOR = ?
Vestibuloocular reflex
Head and Eye movement coordination; support gaze stabilization; eye movement counters the movements of the head
VSR = ?
What part of brain?
Vestibulospinal reflex
attempts to stabilize the body; assist with stability while the head is moving as well as coordination of the trunk during upright posture
Extrapyramydal system from cortex to spine
Hip strategy
Hips move an opposite direction of the head, muscles contract proximal to distal
Large LOB @ pelvis 
What is the first balance strategy to be illiciited by a small or low velocity perturbation
Ankle strategy
Describe the suspensory strategy
Lower center of gravity during standing or ambulation
When is the stepping strategy used
If a perturbation occurs during static standing or if the center of gravity moves be on the base of support
What is vestibular input about
Where is vestibular input received
Position of the head in relation to gravity
Received at the three semi circular canals
Define dystonia
Common diseases in what you may see dystonia
Sustained muscle contractions that cause twisting abnormal postures and repetitive movements
Parkinson’s
cerebral palsy
Huntington’s disease
Define Chroea
A form of hyperkinesia that presents with brief irregular contractions that are rapid, looks like fidgeting
Huntington’s
Define athetosis
A movement disorder that presents with slow writhing movements primarily seen in the face tongue trunk and extremities; may merge with coria or dystonia and are associated with spasticity
CP/basal ganglia pathology
What is asthenia
Generalized weakness secondary to cerebellar pathology
Form of rigidity where there is uniform and constant resistance to range of motion
Lead pipe rigidity
A form of rigidity where resistance to movement has a phasic quality, often seen in Parkinson’s
Cogwheel rigidity
a condition in which there is improper measuring of distance in muscular acts; hyper?? is overreaching (overstepping) and hypo?? is underreaching (understepping).
Dysmetria
Hypermetria, hypometria
This movement disorder is closely related to athetosis, however it involves more axial muscles than appendicular muscles
Dystonia
A muscular twitch that is caused by random discharge of a lower motor neuron and it’s muscle fibers
Fasciculation
What is hemiballism
An involuntary ballistic movement of large body part
A characteristic of an upper motor neuron lesion with alternating spasmodic contraction precipitated by quick stretch reflex
Clonus
A form of resistance seen during range of motion of a hypertonic joint: greatest resistance and initiation which lessons through the movement
Clasp knife response
The inability to perform coordinated
Ataxia
What is Akinesia
The inability to initiate movement
Tremors that get worse with intentional movement is associated with what parts of the brain/spinal cord
Typically seen in?
Cerebellum, efferent pathways
MS
Pill rolling is a resting tremor associated with what part of the brain and what disease
Parkinson’s/Basal G
Somatisensory receptors perceive what and are located where and
Perceive proprioception, balance
Located in joins, mm, ligs, skin
What nerve is likely to be damaged with a fracture of the clavicle
Musculocutaneous nerve
What nerve is likely to be damaged with a fracture of the neck of the humerus or an anterior dislocation of the shoulder
Axillary nerve
What nerve is affected by tarsal tunnel in trapment or popliteal fossa compression
The tibial nerve
Blunt force trauma to the pelvis or a total hip arthroplasty may affect what nerve
Sciatic
Hysterectomy appendectomy or fracture of the femur may affect what nerve
Femoral nerve
Stereognosis is what ability
The ability to identify an object without sight
Barognosis is what ability
The ability to perceive weight differences in the hand
What spinal level is tested at the brachioradialis and where do you strike
Support the forearm in neutral and strike the radius 2 inches above the wrist
C5-6
What is a reflex grade of one plus
Diminished or repressed response may or may not be normal
What is a reflex grade of 2+
Normal
What is a reflex grade of 3+
Brisk or exaggerated, may or may not be normal
What is a reflex grade of zero
No response always abnormal
What is a reflex grade of 4+
Hyper active, always abnormal
If you’re having difficulty eliciting a reflex, what should you do
Instruct the patient to lock the fingers together and pull then retest
Aka Jendrassik maneuver
What lower extremity muscles are directly innervated by the lumbar plexus
Psoas major and minor, quadratus lumborum
The sciatic nerve innervates what muscle group
The hamstrings
The sacral plexus innervates what muscles
Piriformis ; obturator internus ; quadratus femoris; gemelli
A.k.a. the small muscles of the pelvis
The tibial nerve innervates what group of muscles
The flexors of the ankle and foot
The femoral nerve innervates what group of muscles
The quads
The spinothalamic tract is responsible for what sensations
Think - what is “thalamic pain?”
Crude touch, pressure, pain and temperature
The interior aspect of the quarter of spinal track is responsible for movement on what side of the body
Ipsilateral voluntary discrete and skilled movement
The lateral aspect of the corticospinal tract is responsible for movement on what side of the body
The contralateral side
Babinski sign, absent superficial abdominal reflexes, and loss of fine motor or skilled voluntary movement implicates what type of damage
Damage to the corticospinal aka Piramidal tracks, UMN
The sensory track for the trunk neck and upper extremity proprioception, vibration, two point discrimination, and graphesthesia
Fasciculus gracilis on the dorsal column
The sensory tract responsible for upper extremity proprioception vibration two point discrimination and graphesthesia
Fasciculus cutaneous on the dorsal column
What is the letter associated with nerve fibers that are large, myelinated
A fibers
What is the letter associated with medium sized myelinated fibers responsible for autognomic regulation
B fibers
What nerve fibers are small, unmyelinated, and are primarily used in the sympathetic system to detect pain temperature in touch
C fibers
What are nodes of Ranvier
Gaps in myelination, help facilitate rapid conduction of nerve impulse
The hindbrain consists of what three structures
Cerebellum, pons or metenCephalon, medulla oblongata
The rear of the temporal lobe enables what social emotional intelligence
The ability to interpret other peoples emotions and reactions
Impairments of the temporal lobe include what
Learning deficits, receptive aphasia, antisocial or aggressive behaviors, facial recognition, memory, ability to categorize objects
Contrilateral sensory deficits, impaired language comprehension, difficulty getting dressed, difficulty reading are associated with damage to what lobe
Parietal
Brocad and Wernekes areas are what side of the brain
Left
What part of the brain processes information to coordinate sensory perception and movement
Thalamus
The epithalamus includes what structure and performs what roles
Pineal gland - sleep, cyrcadian rhythm, internal clock, some motor and emotional roles
The subthalamus holds what structures and plays what roles
Basal ganglia, substantia nigra: regulates movement produced by skeletal muscles
What role does the hypothalamus play
Receives and integrates information from autonomic nervous system in order to regulate hormones: hunger thirst sexual behavior and sleeping, regulates body temperature and directly influences adrenal glands + pituitary gland
What is the midbrain
connects the forebrain to the hindbrain and functions as a relay area for information from the cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord: reflex center for visual auditory and tactile responses
The majority of cranial nerves originate within the
Brain stem
What role does the hippocampus play
Memory indexer
What two major sensory impacts does a posterior CVA have
Thalamic pain disorder: abnormal sensation of pain temperature touch and proprioception
Cortical blindness: loss of vision due to damage to the visual portion of the occipital cortex
Ipsilateral ataxia, it’s a lateral facial pain, vertigo, contralateral pain and temperature impairment may result from a CVA and what artery
Vertebrobasilar artery
personality changes, mutism, incontinence, and paraplegia are associated with a CVA in which artery
The anterior cerebral artery, associated with the frontal lobe
Best policies for treating aphasia
1: speak slowly and leave adequate time to process and respond before progressing
2: limit extra noise and multiple voices
3: queuing strategies must avoid verbal input and use tactile and visual cues
4: be concise, use yes/no questioning
5: allow the patient performed the activity without repetitive feedback
Motor disorder of speech that is caused by an upper motor neuron lesion corn affects the muscles used articulate words and sounds: slurred speech and may affect respiratory system due to weakness
Dysarthria
In case of a seizure call 911 after how many minutes
5
Once a seizure has subsided turn the person to which side of the body until they are fully alert
Left
A prodromal period before a seizure may include what
Aura at beginning of event may include
Mood changes, lightheadedness, sleep disturbance, irritability, difficulty concentrating
Restlessness, nervousness, anxiety, heaviness, general feeling that something is not right
CVA that affects the cerebellum includes what
Decreased balance, ataxia, coordination problems, nausea, postural problems, nystagmus
The pyramidal tracts descend from what part of brain
medullary pyramids; paired white matter structures of the brainstem’s medulla
The ??? system is composed of a cluster of interconnected nuclei that are located deep within the white matter of the brain; receive nerve impulses from the cerebral cortex and send projections to the brainstem and spinal cord to perform ???
Extrapyramydal system
regulation of involuntary movements (reflexes), maintaining posture
