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501 Neuro > Neural Substrates of Speech > Flashcards

Neural Substrates of Speech Flashcards

1
Q

What is speech?

A

Verbal expression of thoughts and feelings using sound patterns decodable by listeners who share a common language

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2
Q

Speech is ____motor

A

Sensori

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3
Q

What are the 4 subsystems that comprise speech?

A

Respiration
Phonation
Articulation
Velopharyngeal (resonation)

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory subsystem?

A

Provide airflow and pressure needed for sound generation

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5
Q

How is breathing for speech/vocalization different from vegetative breathing?

A

Quick inspiration, long expiration

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6
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the respiratory subsystem located?

A

Ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord

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7
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the phonatory and velopharyngeal subsystem located?

A

Nucleus ambiguus CN X

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8
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the oral articulators located?

A

Facial (CN VII)
Hypoglossal (CN XII)
Trigeminal nucleus (CN V)

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9
Q

What muscles are the most important muscles for speech?

A

Muscles of inspiration (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles)

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10
Q

What is the key structure of the phonatory subsystem?

A

Larynx

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the phonatory subsystem for speech?

A

Creates vibration for acoustic buzz (voicing)
Vibration created by air pressure and flows driving the vocal folds into oscillation

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12
Q

What muscles are involved in voicing of the phonatory subsystem?

A

Cricothyroid, lateral and posterior cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, interarytenoid

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13
Q

What nucleus is involved in phonation?

A

Nucleus ambiguus (CN X)

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the oral articulatory subsystem?

A

Shape the oral and pharyngeal cavities to create a variable resonator
Generate a variety of sounds by constricting the airstream through the vocal tract

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15
Q

The tongue muscles produce …

A

Most consonants and vowels

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16
Q

The back consonants are produced by what muscles

A

Palatoglossus (tongue muscle)

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17
Q

Bilabials (p,b,m), labiovelars (w), and labiodentals (f,v) are controlled by ___ nucleus and __ muscles

A

Facial nucleus, facial muscles

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the velopharyngeal system?

A

Velopharyngeal port is rapidly opened and closed to meet phonetic needs during articulation

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19
Q

Closing the velopharyngeal port is needed for production of

A

All vowels and most consonants

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20
Q

Opening the velopharyngeal port is needed for production of

A

Nasals

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21
Q

What velopharyngeal nerves are involved in speech?

A

Nucleus ambiguus (CN X)
Pharyngeal plexus (CN IX, X, XI)
Mandibular nerve (CN V) trigeminal motor nucleus`

22
Q

What motor speech disorder is associated with LMN damage?

A

Flaccid dysarthria

23
Q

Flaccid dysarthria is characterized by

A

Muscle weakness, hypotonia, reduced reflexes, atrophy, fascicualtions

24
Q

What deficits are common with flaccid dysarthria?

A

Hypernasality, imprecise consonants, breathiness, monopitch, harsh or hoarse voice quality, short phrases

25
Q

Flaccid dysarthria is typically caused by

A

CN damage (stroke, tumor, TBI), degenerative diseases like ALS

26
Q

What motor speech disorder is associated with upper motor neuron damage?

A

Spastic dysarthria

27
Q

Spastic dysarthria is characterized by …. most prevalent with …..

A

Increased muscle tone, hyperreflexia, spasticity
Bilateral UMN damage

28
Q

What speech characteristics are common with spastic dysarthria?

A

Excess and equal stress, slow rate, imprecise consonants, distorted vowels, monopitch, monoloudness, impact on prosody, nasal, hoarse

29
Q

What subcortical structures are involved in speech?

A

Reticular formation
Periaqueductal grey
Thalmus
Basal ganglia
Cerebellum

30
Q

What subcortical structures are involved in vocalization?

A

Periaqueductal grey (modulatory role) and reticular formation (muscle activity), both in brainstem

31
Q

What are the subcortical structures involved in speech that are in the thalamus?

A

VPM: somatosensory info from head and neck to primary somatosensory cortex
VPL: somatosensory info from chest wall to primary somatosensory cortex
MGN: auditory information to primary auditory cortex of temporal lobe

32
Q

What subcortical structures involved in speech are in the basal nuclei?

A

Collection of interconnecting nuclei
1. Motor Circuit (important for movement sequences)
2. Executive/cognitive circuit (important for buffering and sequencing long utterances)
3. Emotional/motivation (providing urge to speak)

33
Q

What is hyperkinetic dysarthria?

A

Caused by damage to basal nuclei, issue with direct pathway

34
Q

Why does hyperkinetic dysarthria cause more movement?

A

Overactivity of the direct pathway provides strong input to the thalamus = strong thalamic drive to motor cortical areas for movement leading to excessive movement

35
Q

What is hypokinetic dysarthria?

A

Caused by damage to basal nuclei
Issue with indirect pathway

36
Q

Why does hypokinetic dysarthria cause less movement?

A

Indirect pathway dominance leads to suppression in the movement

37
Q

Subcortical structures involved in speech: Cerebellum function

A

Important for control of skilled and precise movement
Coordinates both covert and overt speech

38
Q

What happens to speech with damage to the cerebellum?

A

Ataxic dysarthria

39
Q

The key cortical structures associated with speech are housed in the ____ lobes

A

Temporal, frontal, parietal

40
Q

Neurons within the primary motor cortex send projections directly onto LMN located in the brainstem via the ___ tract and the spinal cord via the ___ tract

A

Corticonuclear
Corticospinal

41
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex is located within ___ lobe immediately ____ to central sulcus

A

Parietal
Posterior

42
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex receives proprioceptive and tactile information from the ___ side of the body via the VPL nucleus of the thalamus for structures below the ___ and VPM nucleus for ____ and ___ regions

A

Contralateral
Neck
Head, neck

43
Q

Broca’s area is located in

A

Inferior frontal gyrus

44
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

A

Speech motor control, semantic and syntactic processing of language and reading

45
Q

Damage to Broca’s area leads to

A

Apraxia of speech (difficulty programming speech motor movements in absence of motor weakness)
Broca’s aphasia (difficulties expressing oneself using language)

46
Q

What is the function of supplementary motor areas for speech?

A

Planning of speech and phonemes

47
Q

What happens with damage to supplementary motor areas of speech?

A

Apraxia with incorrect phonemes, impaired ability to say what they want to say (prepositional speech)

48
Q

What is the function of anterior cingulate cortex? What happens with damage?

A

Function: initiate speech, control of emotional components of speech
Damage: temporary or permanent akinetic mutism (cannot initiate speech)

49
Q

What is the function of the supramarginal gyrus?

A

Language processing, speech motor control
Sound to articulation mapping
Compare expected sensory feedback with actual sensory feedback

50
Q

Where is the insula?

A

Deep within the lateral sulcus

51
Q

What is the function of the insula?

A

Motivational and affective influence over speech and language
Programming and generation of speech movements

501 Neuro (16 decks)

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