N2 Embryological Development

Question 1

When looking at structure the nervous system breaks down into ____ and _____

Answer 1

PNS and CNS

Question 2

When looking at function, the nervous system breaks down into ___ and ____

Answer 2

Somatic and visceral component

Question 3

Gastrulation of the nervous system begins with a thin disk called an ___

Answer 3

Epiblast

Question 4

At day 15, the epiblast divides into three layers. These are called …. (from outside to inside)

Answer 4

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

Question 5

The ectoderm divides into the ….

Answer 5

CNS
PNS
Epidermis
Connective tissues of the head

Question 6

The mesoderm develops into ….

Answer 6

Muscle tissues
Connective tissues of body and limbs
Vessels
Viscera (internal organs)

Question 7

The endoderm develops into ….

Answer 7

Epithelium of the GI tract
Respiratory system
Urinary bladder

Question 8

At day 17, the process of __ begins which is when the development of the CNS and PNS begins

Answer 8

Neurulation

Question 9

Neurulation occurs in the ___ layer, where the __ is embedded and causes the ____ (layer) to differentiate.

Answer 9

Ectoderm
Notochord
Ectoderm

Question 10

During neurulation, the ectoderm develops into ____, ___ ___, _____ _____, then ___ _____

Answer 10

Neuroectoderm, neural plate, neural groove, then neural tube

Question 11

After differentiation at the ectoderm, the __ ___ arises from the ectoderm near the ____ ____

Answer 11

Neural crest, neural tube

Question 12

After neurulation is complete, the ____ usually close at __ days. When this fails to occur this leads to ___ if it occurs at the cranial area or __ ___ if it occurs in the caudal area

Answer 12

Neuropores, 28
Anencephaly: absence of the cerebral hemispheres
Spina bifida: incomplete vertebral arch (missing part of the vertebrae)

Question 13

The neural tube becomes the ….

Answer 13

CNS aka the brain and the spinal cord (nuclei located within these structures)
CNS non-neuronal cells

Question 14

The neural crest becomes the ….

Answer 14

PNS aka the nerves and everything else that is not the brain and the spinal cord
Nuclei is outside the brain and the spinal cord

Question 15

At the onset of development, the neural tube forms into three layers

Answer 15

Ventricular zone: becomes the ependymal layer (lining the fluid-filled areas of the brain)
Intermediate zone: becomes cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter
Marginal zone: becomes marginal layer (outer)

Question 16

Neuron migration occurs in the cerebral cortex meaning that the neurons move towards certain areas in order to develop into specific regions of the brain. The neuroblasts follow an __ - ___ pattern of development meaning that the ____ layers of neurons of developed first and the ___ are formed last

Answer 16

Inside-out
Deepest
Superficial (outside)

Question 17

Neuron migration establishes cytoarchitecture. What does this mean?

Answer 17

Cells are arranged based on their function
Layer IV is constructed of cells that are responsible for input from the thalamus
Layer V is made of cells that are responsible for output via projection fibers

Question 18

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ….

Answer 18

Postcentral gyrus

Question 19

The primary somatomotor cortex is located in the

Answer 19

Precentral gyrus

Question 20

The primary visual cortex is located in the

Answer 20

Cuneus and lingual gyrus (within the occipital lobe)

Question 21

The primary auditory cortex is located in the

Answer 21

Transverse temporal gyri (within the temporal lobe)

Question 22

What are the Brodmann areas associated with the primary somatosensory cortex, primary somatomoto cortex, primary visual cortex, and primary auditory cortex

Answer 22

A: 3, 1, 2
B: 4
C: 17
D: 41

Question 23

During neuron migration in the cerebellum, three layers are formed. What are these layers and what do they further develop into?

Answer 23

1: ventricular zone - becomes ependymal layer
2: intermediate zone - becomes most of cerebellar cortex, subcortical white matter, nuclei
3: marginal zone - becomes molecular layer of cerebellar cortex

Question 24

During cerebellar development, the intermediate zone makes up the ___ ___ layer. Within this layer, neuroblasts and Purkinje cells migrate _____.

Answer 24

Internal germinal
Outward

Question 25

During cerebellar development, the marginal zone makes up the ___ ___ layer. Within this layer, neuroblasts and granule cells migrate _____.

Answer 25

External germinal
Inward

Question 26

What glial cells are derived or develop from the neural tube?

Answer 26

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells (all cells within the CNS)

Question 27

What are the primary brain vesicles and what part of the brain do they develop into?

Answer 27

Prosencephalon –> forebrain
Mesencephalon –> midbrain
Rhombencephalon –> hindbrain

Question 28

The primary brain vesicles develop into which secondary brain vesicles?

Answer 28

Prosencephalon becomes the telencephalon and the diencephalon
Mesencephalon becomes the midbrain
Rhombencephalon becomes the metencephalon and myelencephalon

Question 29

The secondary brain vesicles specifically develop into

Answer 29

Telencephalon: Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon: Thalamus and hypothalamus
Mesencephalon: midbrain
Metencephalon: pons and cerebellum
Myelencephalon: medulla

Question 30

PNS neurons form from the ___ ____. These include …. Additional structures that develop from the neural crest include ….

Answer 30

Neural crest
Spinal nerves, cranial nerves (specifically ganglia)
Bones of the face and skull, Schwann cells, melanocytes (form melanin)

Question 31

Cells that develop from the neural tube

Answer 31

CNS neurons
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells

Question 32

Cells that develop from the neural crest

Answer 32

PNS neurons
Schwann cells
Satellite cells