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501 Neuro > Auditory System > Flashcards

Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

What cranial nerve is part of the auditory system?

A

CN VIII

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2
Q

CN VIII is SA or SE? What is it’s function?

A

SA, hearing and equilibrium

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3
Q

What happens with lesion of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Ipsilateral deafness
Loss of equilibrium

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4
Q

Structures of the external ear

A

Auricle (pinna)
External acoustic meatus (external ear canal)
TM

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5
Q

Structures of the middle ear

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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6
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

Inner ear bony structure encased by the temporal bone that is responsible for balance

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7
Q

The vestibular labyrinth of the internal ear contains the following structures

A

Vestibule and 3 semicircular canals

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8
Q

What does the vestibule contain?

A

Membranous utricle and saccule with macula as receptor organ

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9
Q

What do the semicircular canals contain?

A

Semicircular ducts with ampullae

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10
Q

What do the ampullae of semicircular ducts contain?

A

Crista ampullaris as receptor organ

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11
Q

What are the general functions of the vestibular system?

A
  1. Regulate body and limb posture through cerebellum and vestibulospinal tract
  2. Regulate eye movements to keep eyes fixed on object when head is in motion
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12
Q

What is the VOR reflex?

A

Vestibuloocular reflex
Regulates eye movements to keep eyes fixed on an object when head is in motion

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13
Q

What is the function of the utricle?

A

Monitor and activate linear acceleration of horizontal movements
Side to side, front to back

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14
Q

What is the function of the saccule?

A

Monitor and activate response to linear acceleration of vertical movements
Up and down

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15
Q

What is the function of the three semicircular ducts?

A

Monitor and activate angular acceleration of head in all planes

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16
Q

What are the three fluid-filled cavities (membranous cochlea) in the internal ear?

A

Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani
Scala media (cochlear duct)

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17
Q

Which membranous cochlea contains the organ of corti?

A

Scala media

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18
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

Receptor organ of the auditory system

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19
Q

The cochlear duct is the structure where sound travels from base to apex of the cochlea. Where are the high frequencies located? Low frequencies?

A

High frequencies: base
Low frequencies: apex

20
Q

Frequency of sound determines frequency of traveling wave in basilar membrane. Each traveling wave will maximally activate the basilar membrane a specific distance from base dependent on ____

A

Frequency

21
Q

Hair cells are ___ cells that are housed in ____

A

Receptor
Organ of corti

22
Q

Hair cells produce _____ transduction

A

Mechanoelectrical (convert movement into electrical signals)

23
Q

What causes depolarization of hair cells?

A

Stereocilia deflected toward tallest stereocilium
Pulls and stretches tip links which causes the cells to be more active

24
Q

What causes hyperpolarization of hair cells?

A

Stereocilia deflected towards shortest stereocilium
Presses tip links and makes them shorter which causes the cells to be less active

25
Q

There is __ hair cell for ___ stereocilia

A

One hair cell for many stereocilia

26
Q

Tip links ___ stereocilia

A

Connect

27
Q

The displacement of stereocilia of hair cells towards tallest stereocilium leads to conversion of

A

Movement into electrical signals, causes depolarization of hair cells and bipolar neurons

28
Q

The displacement of stereocilia of hair cells towards shortest stereocilium leads to

A

Hyperpolarization of hair cell and bipolar neurons

29
Q

Overview of the auditory pathway

A

First order neurons: CN VIII, spiral ganglion
Second order neurons: Cochlear nuclei, pontine structures
Inferior colliculus
MGN neurons of thalamus
Sublenticular limb of internal capsule
Auditory radiation
Primary auditory cortex

30
Q

What part of the internal capsule is part of the auditory pathway?

A

Sublenticular limb: axons from MGN neurons of thalamus to primary auditory cortex

31
Q

The primary auditory cortex is the ____(think structure)

A

Transverse temporal gyri of Heschl

32
Q

Where does higher level processing of the auditory cortex occur?

A

Downstream of the primary auditory cortex

33
Q

Blood supply of auditory system: the following structures are supplied by
1. Primary auditory cortex
2. Inferior colliculus and MGN
3. Pontine structures
4. Internal ear and cochlear nuclei

A
  1. MCA
  2. PCA
  3. Basilar artery
  4. AICA of basilar artery
34
Q

What structure is responsible for sound localization?

A

Superior olivary nuclei

35
Q

The superior olivary nuclei are responsible for

A

Receiving bilateral auditory input
Important for localizing sounds in space

36
Q

What is air conduction?

A

Sound waves are sent through the external ear via air, vibrate TM, oscillate middle ear bones, activate inner ear neurons

37
Q

What is bone conduction?

A

Sound vibrations conducted to internal ear through temporal bone
Bypass external and middle ear

38
Q

What is nerve (sensorineural) deafness?

A

Total ipsilateral deafness
Neural pathway disrupted at or before cochlear nuclei

39
Q

What causes nerve (sensorineural deafness)?

A

Damage to hair cells or organ of corti
Damage to spiral ganglion or CN VIII or cochlear nuclei
Inflammation/infection in cochlea

40
Q

Are AC and BC affected by nerve deafness?

A

No

41
Q

What is central deafness?

A

Virtually no loss of hearing
Difficulty in interpreting or localizing sounds
Neural pathway disrupted at after cochlear nuclei

42
Q

Are AC and BC affected by central deafness?

A

No

43
Q

What is conduction deafness?

A

Partial ipsilateral deafness with interruption of air conduction of sound waves
Neural pathway intact

44
Q

Causes of conduction deafness?

A

Inflammation/infection of EAM
Cerumen buildup
TM trauma or inflammation
Otitis media
Middle ear bone damage
Otosclerosis

45
Q

Are AC and BC affected by conduction deafness?

A

AC: diminished or eliminated
BC: unaffected

46
Q

Why is there virtually no loss of hearing with damage to proximal to cochlear nuclei?

A

Bilateralism that occurs in several locations of the auditory pathway

47
Q

Where does bilateralism occur in the auditory pathway?

A

Commissure of inferior colliculus
Commisssure of lateral lemniscus
Trapezoid body

501 Neuro (16 decks)

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