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501 Neuro > N1 Nervous System Overview > Flashcards

N1 Nervous System Overview Flashcards

1
Q

The neuron is also referred to as the ____ cell of the nervous system

A

Functional

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2
Q

The structural portion of the nervous system refers to the ___ and contains the ____ and _____

A

Anatomy (think of the anatomical structures)
CNS (Central Nervous System)
PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

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3
Q

The structures of the CNS are encased by ____ while the structures of the ____ are not

A

Bone, PNS

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4
Q

The PNS contains ____ which are collections of neuron cell bodies and ____ which are collections of axons

A

Ganglia
Nerves

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5
Q

The CNS is made up of ___ which contains collections of neuron cell bodies and ____ which contains collections of axons and processes

A

Gray matter
White matter

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6
Q

The nervous system can also be categorized based on function and breaks down into ____ and _____

A

Somatic (body wall)
Visceral (organs)

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7
Q

Afferent pathways are also referred to as ___

A

Sensory meaning that they carry sensory information to the CNS (signals arrive to CNS)

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8
Q

Efferent pathways are also referred to as ____

A

Motor
Carry outputs to lead to an action being performed

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9
Q

The autonomic nervous system is also referred to as _____
(Think of pathways)

A

Visceral efferent (motor) pathway

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10
Q

The four lobes of the brain

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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11
Q

The main sulci and fissures are

A

Central sulcus
Lateral fissure also called the Sylvian Fissure
Parietoocipital sulcus
Calcarine Fissure

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12
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves come out of the spinal cord?

A

31
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1-2 coccygeal

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13
Q

What is the conus meduallaris?

A

The cone that forms at the end of the spinal cord

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14
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

The horse tail like branches that come off the conus medullaris

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15
Q

In the spinal nerve, the posterior root is made up of ____ (type of neuron)

A

Pseudounipolar sensory neurons

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16
Q

In the spinal nerve, the posterior root ganglion is made up of _____

A

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

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17
Q

In the spinal nerve, the anterior root is made up of ___

A

Multipolar motor neurons

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18
Q

The autonomic nervous system is made up of the

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic division

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19
Q

The sympathetic division of the nervous system is referred to as ___ and causes ___

A

Fight or flight
Pupil dilation, bronchodilation, cardiac acceleration, inhibition of digestion

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20
Q

The parasympathetic division is referred to as ___ and causes ____

A

Rest and digest
Pupil constriction, bronchoconstriction, cardiac deceleration, stimulation of digestion, salivation, etc

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21
Q

Structures of the sympathetic division of the ANS

A

T1 to L3 levels of the spinal cord

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22
Q

Structures of the parasympathetic division of the ANS

A

Cranial nerves and sacral part of the spinal cord

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23
Q

The CNS is made up of ___ (grey matter) and ___ (white matter)

A

Nuclei, tracts

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24
Q

The PNS is made up of ___ and ____

A

Ganglia, nerves

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25
Q

Anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, rostral, caudal,ventral,dorsal

A

Anterior (towards front)
Posterior (towards back)
Inferior (towards the bottom)
Superior (toward the top)
Rostral (towards beak)
Caudal (towards tail)
Ventral (towards center of earth)
Dorsal (towards the sky)

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26
Q

What is the horizontal plane?

A

Parallel with the ground

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27
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

Think of a crown on the head and then slice down

28
Q

What is a sagittal plane?

A

Think of separating the brain into two hemispheres

29
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Functional unit of the nervous system

30
Q

Multipolar neurons compose ____

A

About 99% of all neurons

31
Q

Pseudounipolar neurons compose _____

A

Sensory ganglia

32
Q

Bipolar neurons compose _____

A

Retina, cranial nerve I, cranial nerve VIII

33
Q

The function of dendrites is to ___

A

Bring input in

34
Q

The purpose of axons is to

A

Carry the output

35
Q

How many layers does the cerebral cortex have?

A

Six

36
Q

What are the names of the six layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

I: Molecular
II: External granular
III: External pyramidal
IV: Internal granular
V: Internal pyramidal
VI: Multiform

37
Q

The cerebral cortex has pyramidal cells have cell bodies that are ___ shaped

A

Pyramid

38
Q

The cerebral cortex has Purkinje cells which contain lots of ____

A

Cell bodies

39
Q

The cell body of a neuron contains what kind of structures?

A

Nucleus, nucleolus, Nissl Bodies (ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum), golgi complexes, mitochondria, neurofilaments, microtubules

40
Q

Dendrites contain which structures?

A

Same organelles as the cell body of neuron except the nucleus
(Nissl bodies: ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complexes, mitochondria, neurofilaments, microtubules)

41
Q

Pyramidal cells are typically part of ___ systems

A

Motor

42
Q

Purkinje cells are mainly found in the _____

A

Cerebellum

43
Q

What structures do axons contain?

A

Mitochondria, neurofilaments, microtubules

44
Q

Axons DO NOT have ______

A

Protein making machinery

45
Q

5 notable components of a neuron

A

Nissl bodies
Axon Hillock
Initial Segment
Internodal segment
Node of Ranvier

46
Q

The glial cells of the CNS include

A

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglial cells

47
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes and what part of the nervous system do they belong to?

A

Function: Myelination of axons, one can myelinate many axons
Located in the CNS
Has multiple processes

48
Q

What disease demyelinates neurons of the central nervous system? What is the current treatment for this disease?

A

Multiple sclerosis
Interferon: diminishes the immune response

49
Q

What is the function of astrocytes and what part of the nervous system do they belong to?

A

Function: regulate extracellular ionic environment, guide migrating neurons during brain development, blood-brain barrier*****
Located in the CNS

50
Q

Astrocytes form part of the blood-brain barrier by regulating _____

A

Tight junctions

51
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells and what part of the nervous system do they belong to?

A

Function: myelination of axons, one Schwann cell myelinates only one axon, see regeneration with Schwann cells
Located in the PNS

52
Q

What are the functions of satellite cells and what part of the nervous system do they belong to?

A

Support cells
Located in the PNS

53
Q

What are the features of the sensory ganglia in the PNS?

A

-Sensory, think of posterior root ganglia
-Contains pseudounipolar neurons
-Neuron density is higher
-Satellite cells are greater
-No synapses

54
Q

What are the features of the autonomic ganglia in the PNS?

A

-Motor
-Multipolar neurons
-Neuron density lower
-Satellite cells fewer
-Contains synapses

55
Q

What is the myelin sheath synapse?

A

Leads to fast transmission of electrical signals through an axon
Presynaptic areas: release neurotransmitters
Postsynaptic areas: cause a response

56
Q

What are the features of a myelin sheath?

A

-Contains up to 50 plasma membrane layers
-Created by oligodendrocytes in the CNS
-Created by Schwann cells in the PNS

57
Q

What is the internodal segment of a myelin sheath?

A

Segment that is myelinated and connected to cells that create the myelin sheath

58
Q

In the PNS, myelinated axons are enclosed by up to 50 ______ _____ layers of ___ cells

A

Plasma membrane
Schwann

59
Q

In the PNS, unmyelinated axons are enclosed by _____ of plasma membrane of ___ cells

A

Invaginations, Schwann

60
Q

What is a synapse?

A

An area where a neuron makes contact with a target and something happens

61
Q

How do you distinguish a neuromuscular synapse?

A

Junctional folds in the skeletal muscle
Acetylcholine neurotransmitter

62
Q

Axon terminals often have tons of ______ for energy production

A

Mitochondria

63
Q

CNS synapse: what is an axosomatic synapse?

A

Axon synapses with cell body (soma)

64
Q

CNS synapse: what is an axodendritic synapse?

A

Axon synapses on dendrite

65
Q

CNS synapse: what is an axoaxonic synapse?

A

Axon synapses on another axon

501 Neuro (16 decks)

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