Neural Correlates of Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the binding problem

A

Different stimulus properties processed by different brain areas
Do not need to consciously unite properties into one concept

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2
Q

What is embodied cognition?

A

Sense of consciousness as own

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3
Q

What is Cartesian duality?

A

Sense of self as separate to physical body

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4
Q

What are qualia?

A

Subjective aspects of experience

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5
Q

What is the hard problem of consciousness?

A

Understanding how and why qualia occur

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6
Q

Define neural correlates of consciousness

A

Minimal set of neuronal mechanisms sufficient for conscious perception

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7
Q

Which factors affect conscious experiences?

A

Neural substances
Blood glucose and oxygen
Neural tone
Cortical excitability

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8
Q

Define the global neural correlates of consciousness

A

Neural substrates supporting conscious experiences in their entirety - regardless of specific contents

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9
Q

Define content-specific neural correlates of consciousness

A

Neural substrates determining qualia

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10
Q

What are the 2 proposed requirements for consciousness?

A

Mammalian neocortex

Common connective architecture - between sensory (multiple modalities) and cognitive regions

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11
Q

Which brain areas are active during wake?

A

Cortex

Thalamus

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12
Q

Which brain areas are active during minimally-conscious state?

A

Decreased cortical activity

No thalamic activity

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13
Q

Which brain areas are active during sleep (REM and NREM)?

A

Decreased cortical activity

Thalamus

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14
Q

How does anaesthesia affect brain activity?

A

Decreased excitatory tone in multiple brain areas - e.g. thalamus, cortex
Areas involved vary with different drugs

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15
Q

How does cortical TMS affect the spread of activity seen with EEG with ketamine?

A

Similar to wake

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16
Q

How does cortical TMS affect the spread of activity seen with EEG with propofol?

A

Decreased activity spread

17
Q

How does cortical TMS affect the spread of activity seen with EEG with xenon?

A

Increased activity spread

18
Q

Which brain area could be the seat of consciousness?

A

Claustrum

19
Q

What is the evidence for the claustrum as the seat of consciousness?

A

Cytoarchitecture - widely branching cortex-wide projections - suggests uniformity of function
Strong reciprocal connections with cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, caudate nucleus
Activated by tasks requiring cross-modality sesnory comparisons

20
Q

What is the evidence against the claustrum as the seat of consciousness?

A

In monkey - no projection from V1 to claustrum
In all mammals
Some conscious people - with no/damaged claustrum