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NEUR0014 > Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the anterior pituitary?

A

Master gland - regulates function of other endocrine glands

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2
Q

What is the role of the posterior pituitary?

A

Secretes oxytocin and vasopressin

Mediates sexual, maternal, fluid balance functions

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3
Q

What are the 3 functional divisions of the hypothalamus and what are their roles?

A

Periventricular zone - neuroendocrine motor zone
Medial zone - controls diverse set of behaviours
Lateral zone - contains neurons expressing substances (orexins and corticotrophin releasing hormone)

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4
Q

What do orexins regulate?

A

Ingestive behaviour

Circadian rhythm

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5
Q

What does corticotrophin releasing hormone regulate?

A

Fluid balance

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6
Q

What are the areas of the medial hypothalamus and which behaviours do they control?

A

Medial preoptic nucleus - reproductive, social
Anterior hypothalamic nucleus - defensive
Paraventricular nucleus - ingestive
Ventromedial nucleus - reproductive, social, defensive
Mammillary body - exploratory

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7
Q

Which hypothalamic region is sexually-dimorphic in humans?

A

Interstitial nuclei of anterior hypothalamus (INAH)

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8
Q

What are the proceptive sexual behaviours in male and female rats?

A

Female - hopping, head-wiggling, 50kHz calls

Males - cruising (searching for females), 50kHz calls

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9
Q

What are the consummatory sexual behaviours in male and female rats?

A

Female - lordosis

Male - mounting

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10
Q

What are the post-consummatory sexual behaviours in male and female rats?

A

Female - intense grooming

Male - intense grooming, 22kHz ‘leave-me-alone’ calls - avoidance

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11
Q

Which hypothalamic region is sexually-dimorphic in rats?

A

Sexually dimorphic neurons in preoptic area (SDN-POA)

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12
Q

Which hypothalamic region is active during mating in male rats?

A

SDN-POA

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13
Q

Which receptors are found on SDN-POA neurons?

A

Testosterone receptors

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14
Q

Where does the POA receive input from?

A

Vomeronasal organ - via medial amygdala and BNST

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15
Q

Where does the POA project to and what is the role of this projection?

A

PAG

Activate spinal MNs for pelvic organs involved in copulation

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16
Q

Which hypothalamic area coordinates sexual behaviour in female rats?

A

Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (VMH)

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17
Q

Which receptors are found on VMH neurons?

A

Oestrogen receptors

Progesterone receptors

18
Q

Which neuropeptides are key to support sexual behaviour?

A 
Oxytocin (OT)
Arginine vasopressin (AVP)
19
Q

Where are oxytocin and arginine vasopressin made?

A

Posterior hypothalamus

20
Q

What are the peripheral effects of oxytocin?

A

Uterine contractions

Milk ejection reflex

21
Q

What are the central effects of oxytocin?

A

Sexual behaviour
Maternal care
Adult social bonding
Adult pair-bonding

22
Q

How do AVP and OT levels change during male rat sexual behaviour?

A

AVP increase during anticipatory behaviour

OT increase at ejaculation

23
Q

What are Panksepp’s 3 types of aggression and which circuits do they involve?

A

Affective/defensive attack - RAGE system
Quiet-biting - SEEKING system
Inter-male aggression - circuits interacting with RAGE and SEEKING systems

24
Q

Which brain areas are involved in affective/defensive attack?

A

Ventrolateral and medial hypothalamus
Dorsal PAG
BNST

25
Q

Which brain areas are involved in quiet-biting?

A

Dorsolateral hypothalamus

Ventral PAG

26
Q

Which brain areas are involved in inter-male aggression?

A

Medial amygdala
Preoptic and anterior hypothalamus
PAG

27
Q

What are the 2 model species of maternal behaviours?

A

Rat

Sheep

28
Q

What are the characteristics of rat maternal behaviour?

A

Altricial species
Long bonding window
Accept alien pups

29
Q

What are the characteristics of sheep maternal behaviour?

A

Precocial species
Short bonding window
Selective maternal care - reject alien lambs

30
Q

What hormonal changes occur at the end of pregnancy in rats?

A

Increased oestradiol and prolactin

Decreased progesterone

31
Q

Which neuropeptide is needed for maternal behaviour induction in rats?

A

OT

32
Q

Through which brain areas do pup stimuli trigger maternal responses after parturition in rats?

A

Pup stimuli - medial preoptic nucleus (MPOA) - VTA - NAc - ventral pallidum (VP) - active maternal responses
Pup stimuli also activate limbic system - disinhibits NAc and VP - modulates circuit

33
Q

What hormonal change occurs at the end of pregnancy in sheep?

A

Increased oestrogen

34
Q

Which neuropeptide is needed for maternal behaviour induction in sheep, what triggers its release, and from where?

A

OT
Vagino-cervical stimulation (VCS) of birth
From paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

35
Q

Through which brain areas does VCS trigger maternal responses after parturition in sheep?

A

VCS - PVN - MPOA - VTA - NAc - VP - active maternal responses

36
Q

How does the OT released by VCS lead to maternal selectivity in sheep?

A

OT induces plastic changes in mitral cell responsiveness - in main olfactory bulb - more cells respond preferentially to lamb odour

37
Q

What causes pair-bonding (monogamy) in prairie voles compared to non-monogamous voles?

A

Higher OT receptor density in key areas (PFC, NAc)

38
Q

What is the circuit for prairie vole pair bonding?

A

In males and females - mating causes DA release - from VTA to NAc and PFC
In males - AVP release - in lateral septum
In females - OT release - in NAc and PFC
Concurrent release of DA and OT/vasopressin - consolidates conditioned partner preference

39
Q

What is the role of the NAc-ventral pallidum projection in prairie vole pair bonding?

A

Relays info to motor system - pair bonding translates to behaviour

40
Q

Which phenomena do OT affect in humans?

A

Maternal behaviour
Sexual behaviour/pair bonding
Theory-of-mind-related abilities - memory for faces, inferring others’ emotions
Trust

41
Q

What is the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and which areas does it involve?

A

Dense fibre system

VTA - lateral hypothalamus - NAc

42
Q

Which NT projections run through the medial forebrain bundle?

A

5HTergic (from raphe nuclei)
ACh (from forebrain nuclei)
DA (mesolimbic, mesocortical)

NEUR0014 (19 decks)

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