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Neuro > Neuo - Embryo, Anatomy and Physio > Flashcards

Neuo - Embryo, Anatomy and Physio Flashcards

1
Q

Increased AFP and AChE in amniotic fluid?

A

Neural tube defect

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2
Q

Up AFP with polyhydramnios. Associated with?

A

Anencephaly. DM1

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3
Q

Mutation in sonic hedgehog in brain?

A

Holoprocencephaly. Failure of L ad R hemisphere’s to seperate

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4
Q

Presents with thoraco-lumbar myelomeningocele (ie Spina Bifida) and downward herniations of cerebellar tonsils? Presents with?

A

Chiari II. Thoraco-lumbar myelomeningocele and paralysis below the defect

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5
Q

Agenesis of cerebellar vermis - leads to enlargement of?

A

Dandy-walker. Enlargement of 4th ventricle.

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6
Q

Bilateral loss of pain and temp on shoulder area. May also affect motor pathways. Roots typically affected? Due to?

A

Syringomyelia. C8-T1. Cystic enlargement of central canal of SC.

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7
Q

Cells in brain this gastrulation origin form multinucleated giant cells in AIDS?

A

Microglia - Mesoderm

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8
Q

Cells affected in MS vs Guillain-Barre?

A

oligodendrocytes vs Schwann cells

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9
Q

Senses light touch in skin and adapt quickly - found where?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles. Glabrous (hairless) skin

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10
Q

Large mylinated fibers that adapt slowly and sense pressure - found where?

A

Merkel’s discs. Hair follicles

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11
Q

NT increased in REM sleep found in this nucleus?

A

5-HT. Basal necleus of Meynert

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12
Q

NTs decreased in huntingtons?

A

GABA and ACh

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13
Q

3 Areas of Brain not covered by BBB?

A

Area posterma, osmotic sensing, Pit

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14
Q

Draw/label Hypothal areas

A

FA page 414

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15
Q

Lesion presents with hyperorality, hypersexuality and disinhibited behavior. Associated with microbe?

A

Lesion of amygdala - Kluver-Bucy syndrome. Associated with HSV-1.

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16
Q

Trinucleotide repeat of huntingtons leads to? When does trinucleotide repeat occur?

A

Trinucleotide repeat of huntingtons leads to? When does trinucleotide repeat occur?

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17
Q

Results in central pontine myelinolysis?

A

overly rapid correction of hypoNa. Locked in syndrome

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18
Q

Helps decrease ICP in cases of acute cerebral edema?

A

hyperventilation - decreases CO2, decreased cerebral blood flow (up CO2 tells central chemoreceptors to increases perfusion)

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19
Q

Lateral striate artery - usually causes of lesion? Lesion causes?

A

Hyaline arterioloscerolsis causing lacunar stroke
Rupture of charcot-Bouchard Aneurysm

Leads to contralateral hemiparesis

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20
Q

right tongue deviation, decrease in left proprioception, left sided hemiparesis. Lesion?

A

Right ASA (medial medullary syndrome)

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21
Q

Right sided loss of pain on face, Left sided loss of pain in body. Vomiting, drooping right eye. Lesion? Another common symptom?

A

Right PICA. Lateral medullary syndrome

Horseness (Don’t PICA Horse that cant eat)

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22
Q

Can’t or move face. Unsteady gait. Lesion?

A

AICA

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23
Q

Contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing. Artery lesioned?

A

PCA

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24
Q

ptosis and pupil dilation. Artery lesioned?

A

PCOMM (CNIII palsy)

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25
Q

Lesion to this artery can cause bitemporal lower quadrantanopia

A

AICA

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26
Q

Pt with 2 month history of difficulty reading and paresthesia in her hands and legs. Hyperemia and edema of the right optic disc and mild hyperreflexia. Histo?

A

MS. Lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration associated with demyelination.

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27
Q

Enlarged blood vessels with duplication and fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina?

A

AV malformations

28
Q

Granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate of the adventitia and medial layers with fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina?

29
Q

significant comorbidity of ALZ?

A

depression

30
Q

Hyperorality seen in this dz?

A

frontotemporal dementia (damage to the amygdala)

31
Q

Pt with Bell’s palsy. Symptoms?

A

All symptoms from CN7 defect

1) right facial weakness
2) pain behind right ear (VII to retroauricular)
3) decreased taste on right side
4) increased sensitivity to sound in right ear (VII innervates stapedius)
5) decreased lacrimation

32
Q

Myers loops ends where? Lesion?

A

inferior bank calcarine sulcus. Contralateral Superior quadrantanopia.

33
Q

Histo: Neuron with pink inclusions?

A

Lewy Body (alpha-synuclein)

34
Q

Myoclonic fasiculations seen in what degenerative Neuro dz?

35
Q

Tongue fasiculations seen in what degenerative neuro dz?

36
Q

72 year old woman with lower back pain that radiates over anterior thighs. 3 year duration. Worse with walking and prolonged standing. Decreased urinary stream. No pain with leg raising in supine position. Pain relieved by sitting.

A

Lumbar disc degeneration. Claudication like pain in the thighs.

37
Q

Disc Herniation - type of pain? pain relieved by sitting?

A

Constant. Not relieved by sitting

38
Q

Perianal numbness and urinary retention with atonic rectal sphincter.

A

Conus medullaris (cord compression)

39
Q

Lumbar disc herniation. Elict pain by?

A

Raising legs from supine position

40
Q

Episodes of vertigo lasting hours with low-frequency hearing loss. Pathogenesis?

A

Meniere’s dz. Increase in the volume of the endolymphatic system due to malformation of endolympathic sac (filters and excretes endolymh)

41
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss without vertigo. Damage to what ear structure?

42
Q

Pt with episodes of vertigo lasting seconds. Pathogenesis?

A

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. . Freely moving crystals of calcium carbonate with the semicicular canals cause vertigo.

43
Q

Damage to thse structures leads to patients falling to side of lesion?

A

Utricle and saccule

44
Q

Impaiment of high-frequency range and problems with speech discrimination?

A

Damage to vesticulocochlear nerve

45
Q

AIDS pt (CD<25) with Vision problem as well as problems with speech, memory and coordination. Dies 3 weeks later? DZ?

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) from JC virus

46
Q

Chiari I vs II?

A

II has spina bifida

47
Q

Major Complication of Guillain-Barre leads to what acid-base abnormality?

A

Repiratory paralysis - Respiratory acidosis

48
Q

Encephalopathy, ataxic gait and oculomotor disfunction?

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

49
Q

2 year old with an abdominal mass, hypertension and increased catecholamine? Gene?

A

Neuroblastoma of adrenal gland. N-myc

50
Q

Diplopia when walking down stairs? CN affected?

A

Vertical diplopia. CN4

51
Q

Meningocele vs meningomyelocele?

A

meninges herniation vs meninges+spinal cord herniation

52
Q

Function/location of ependymal ells?

A

inner lining of venricles - make CSF

53
Q

Wallerian degeneration?

A

healing mechanism of PSNS axons (degeneration distal and axonal retraction proximal)

54
Q

Cells that won’t be discerbible with Nissl stain?

55
Q

Axons myelinated: oligodendrocytes vs schwann cells

A

many vs one

56
Q

2 types of free nerve endings?

A

C (unmylinated) vs A-delta (mylinated)

57
Q

Endoneurium vs Perinurium vs Epineurium

A

around single nerve fiber vs around fasicle of nerves vs surrounds fasicles and blood vessels

58
Q

NT made in basal nucleus of meynert? NAcc?

59
Q

ADH made where? Oxytocin?

A

Supraoptic nucleus vs paraventricular nucleus

60
Q

Leptin - function?

A

stimulates ventromedial area (satiety)

61
Q

LGN vs MGN?

A

vision vs hearing (L=light, M=music)

62
Q

Deep nuclei of cerebellum - medial to lateral. Injury to lateral nuclei causes?

A

Fastigial, globose, emboliform, dentate. Pt falls to side of lesion.

63
Q

Input nerves to cerebellum?

A

climbing and mossy fibers

64
Q

PPRF vs Frontal eye fields?

A

PPRF pulls eye towards it

Frontal eye fields fling eyes away

65
Q

Damage to arcuate fasiculus?

A

Poor repetition

66
Q

Spinal tap shows yellow, xanthochromic findings? Complication 2-3 afterwards (and tx)?

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage (yellow from bilirubin). Vasospam - tx with nimodipine.

67
Q

Ischemia brain disease - time points?

A

0-11-1-3-5-15—

nothing, red neurons, neutrophls, macrophages, gliosis, glial scar

Neuro (14 decks)

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