nervous, tumors, cancers, and cysts Flashcards
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis AKA Lou Gherig’s disease. Anterior horn and corticospinal tracts affect with no sensory loss. motor only. LMN in upper extremities, UMN in lower. IT IS PROGRESSIVE
Alzheimer’s
progressive severe atrophy of the cerebral cortex. Neurofibrillary tangles, decrease in Acetyl-choline. #1 cause of dementia
Arnold Chiari
Type I= cerebellar tonsil herniate.
type II= cerebellar tonsil herniation with Meninginomyelocele in lumbar spine
Astrocytoma Type I & II
m/c, best prognosis. in CNS
Glioma’s
m/c in CNS
Gliobastoma multiform
worst prognosis (affects cerebrum)
medulloblastoma
m/c seen in cerebellar vermis in children. m/c cerebellar tumor
oligodendroglioma
slowest growing (affects cerebrum)
Schwannoma
CN VII= acoustic neuroma. Onion bulb tumor. (most common cause of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss)
Friedreich’s ataxia
lesions of sclerosis of spinocerebellar tract (neurofibrillary tangles). Chromosome 9
Guillian-Barre
AKA post-infectious polyradiculopathy, most commonly seen after a recent flu or vaccination. Peripheral demyelinating disease. Areflexia & ascending paralysis. Fatal if his diaphragm.
Horner’s syndrome
interruption of cervical sympathetics (eg trauma, pancoast tumor). symptoms= ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, enophthalmosis
Leprosy
aka hansens disease =liquefactive necrosis. skin damage & destruction of sensory nerves
Multiple sclerosis
central demyelinization and plaquing of the spinal cord or brain. charcot’s triad (sin): scanning speech, intention tremor and nystagmus. characterized by exacerbation and remissions. effects distal muscles and causes visual disturbances. affects Corticospinal tracts
Myasthenia Gravis
Formation of antibodies that block the Ach receptors at the myoneural junction. thymic enlargement (thymoma). causes progressive weakness and fatigue. first starts in the ocular muscles, gets worse at the end of day. jaw is tight and sore. autoimmune, females 20-40
neurofibromatosis
Von recklinghausen’s disease. cafe au lait spots. coast of california appearance
onion bulb tumor
schwann cell tumor
parkinsons (paralysis agitans)
problem with dopamine in basal ganglia. inclusion bodies= lewy bodies. masked faces, stooped posture, resting tremor, and festinating/shuffling gait and propulsive gait. cogwheel rigidity. substantia nigra of mesencephalon effected
PLS
posterolateral sclerosis AKA combined systems disease. dorsal columns and corticospinal tract affected. results from long term pernicious anemia (decreased intrinsic factor) or decreased vitamin B12
poliomyelitis
if affects anterior horn, produces LMNL. effects brainstem, then cranial nerves affected, possibly breathing apparatus as well
syringomyelia
cyst like formation from the central canal of the spinal cord that leads to loss of pain and temp and signs of an upper motor neuron lesion. cape-like distribution of pins and needles sensation. caused by syrinx, a central dilation of the spinal cord. loss of pain and temp bilaterally
wernicke-korsakoff
alcoholic psychosis with dememtia. depletion of thiamine B1 due to severe alcoholism
adenoma
tumor of glandular tissue
aneurismal bone cyst
ABC. Benign bone tumor. metaphyseal/diaphyseal. eccentric. blister of bone
benign tumors
encapsulated. short zone of transition. asymptomatic
brown’s tumor
tumor-shaped radiolucency d/t loss of bone density from hyperparathyroidism (PTH)
burkett’s lymphoma
starry sky appearance. jaw mass. central african child. epstein barr virus.
cachexia
wasting away
carcinoma
cancer of the epithelial tissue, usually spread by lymph system
carcinoma in situ
cancer that has not invaded basement membrane
cervical cancer
HPV 16 virus implicated
chrondroblastoma
benign bone tumor. <20 epiphyseal/metaphyseal
chondroma
benign tumor of cartilage
chordoma
cancer that is most commonly seen in sacrum. crosses joints.
colorectal cancer
most commonly found in US
cryptorchidism
absence of one or both testicles in scrotum (failure of descent of the testes). can cause testicular cancer.
enchondroma (olliers disease)
benign hand tumor. stippled calcification. 2+ enchondromas =multiple enchondromatosis. endchondromatosis +soft tissue swelling +bone deformity =maffuci’s syndrome
Ewing’s sarcoma
multi-laminated (onion skin appearance) periosteal reaction. cortical saucerization. children 10-25. moth-eaten appearance in medulla >minimics osteomyelitis
fibroadenoma of breast
m/c breast tumor. associated w/ estrogens
fibroma
myxomatous tissue. spindled and polyhedral cells.
fibrous dysplasia
benign tumor, ground glass appearance. cafe au lait cost of maine appearance. w/ early puberty= albright’s disease. monostotic form =rind sign, rind of sclerosis
giant cell tumor
tumor of osteoclasts. osteoclastoma. m/c in knee. quasi-malignant. age 20-40 epiphyseal/ metaphyseal
hemangioma
benign tumor of blood vessels, most commonly found in spine
hepatocellular liver cancer
most common primary liver cancer aka hepatoma
histiocytosis X
hans-schuller-christian disease. histolytic granuloma, eosinophilic granuloma. lipid accumulates >vertebra plana
hodgkin’s lymphoma
pel-epstein fever, reed sternberd cells, hepatosplenomegaly, enlarged lymph nodes ^IgE
Krukenberg’s
cancer of stomach that metastasizes to ovaries, signet ring cell tumor
leiomyoma
tumor of smooth muscle. fibroids in uterus
Leukoplakia
white patch on oral mucosa from tobacco. cannot be wiped off precancerous
lipoma
fatty tumore
adenocarcinoma
m/c with non-smokers. best prognosis
oat cell and small cell
worst prognosis (lung cancer)
squamous cell lung cancer
most common in smokers
malagnant tumors
non-encapsulated. long zone of transition. pain at night =deep and boring. weightloss
metastasis
most common form of cancer in bones
morton’s neuroma
between heads of 3-4 metatarsals
multiple myeloma (plasma cell leukemia/sarcoma)
m/c 1` bone malignancy in adults. amyloid buildup. inclusion bodies= russell bodies. xray- punched out lesion, raindrop skull. Lab: IgG M-spike, bence jones proteinurea. elevated ESR
myxoma
m/c benign cardiac tumor & m/c cardiac tumor
neurofibromatosis
aka von recklinghausens dz. cafe au lait spots. coast of california
onion bulb tumor
schwann cell tumor
osteoblastoma
m/c seen in neural arch age 10-30
osteochondroma
m/c benign tumor of extremities.. 2 types: sessile or pedunculated. multiple osteo chondromas =heredity multiple exostosis (HME)
osteoid osteoma
pain worse @ night, relieved by aspirin. 15-25. radiolucent nidus w/ reactive sclerosis
osteoma
m/c benign tumor of the skull, m/c in frontal sinus
osteomyelitis
brodies abscess if chronic. sequestrum involucrum. cloaca. m/c/c staph aureus
osteosarcoma
most common 1` bone cancer in children (10-30)
pancreatic cancer
worst prognosis, very painful
papilloma
associated with warts
pheochromocytoma
neuroblastoma, benign tumor of adrenal medulla. causes episodic hypertension
polycystic ovary disease
anovulation, obesity, hirsutism (excess hair on body and face)
Rhabdomyoma
tumor of striated muscle or heart muscle
sarcoma
cancer of CT, usually spread by vascular system
seminoma
cancer of testes, m/c/c of testicular cancer, mesenchymal/ stem cells
simple unicameral bone cyst
SBC/UBC. benign bone tumor. metaphyseal/diaphyseal. concentric. fallen fragment sign. age <20 found in long bone
stomach cancer
m/c in lesser curvature. leather bottle shaped stomach presentation
teratoma
tumor of all 3 germinal layers
virchow’s nodes
enlarged supraclavicular lymph nodes due to metastasis usually GI tract, usually left side supraclavicular lymph nodes
wilm’s tumor
nephroblastoma. mixed tumor of kidney in children
xanthoma
yellow tumor of CT
