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pathology boards > nervous, tumors, cancers, and cysts > Flashcards

nervous, tumors, cancers, and cysts Flashcards

1
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis AKA Lou Gherig’s disease. Anterior horn and corticospinal tracts affect with no sensory loss. motor only. LMN in upper extremities, UMN in lower. IT IS PROGRESSIVE

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2
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

progressive severe atrophy of the cerebral cortex. Neurofibrillary tangles, decrease in Acetyl-choline. #1 cause of dementia

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3
Q

Arnold Chiari

A

Type I= cerebellar tonsil herniate.

type II= cerebellar tonsil herniation with Meninginomyelocele in lumbar spine

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4
Q

Astrocytoma Type I & II

A

m/c, best prognosis. in CNS

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5
Q

Glioma’s

A

m/c in CNS

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6
Q

Gliobastoma multiform

A

worst prognosis (affects cerebrum)

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7
Q

medulloblastoma

A

m/c seen in cerebellar vermis in children. m/c cerebellar tumor

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8
Q

oligodendroglioma

A

slowest growing (affects cerebrum)

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9
Q

Schwannoma

A

CN VII= acoustic neuroma. Onion bulb tumor. (most common cause of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss)

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10
Q

Friedreich’s ataxia

A

lesions of sclerosis of spinocerebellar tract (neurofibrillary tangles). Chromosome 9

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11
Q

Guillian-Barre

A

AKA post-infectious polyradiculopathy, most commonly seen after a recent flu or vaccination. Peripheral demyelinating disease. Areflexia & ascending paralysis. Fatal if his diaphragm.

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12
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

interruption of cervical sympathetics (eg trauma, pancoast tumor). symptoms= ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, enophthalmosis

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13
Q

Leprosy

A

aka hansens disease =liquefactive necrosis. skin damage & destruction of sensory nerves

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14
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

central demyelinization and plaquing of the spinal cord or brain. charcot’s triad (sin): scanning speech, intention tremor and nystagmus. characterized by exacerbation and remissions. effects distal muscles and causes visual disturbances. affects Corticospinal tracts

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15
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Formation of antibodies that block the Ach receptors at the myoneural junction. thymic enlargement (thymoma). causes progressive weakness and fatigue. first starts in the ocular muscles, gets worse at the end of day. jaw is tight and sore. autoimmune, females 20-40

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16
Q

neurofibromatosis

A

Von recklinghausen’s disease. cafe au lait spots. coast of california appearance

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17
Q

onion bulb tumor

A

schwann cell tumor

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18
Q

parkinsons (paralysis agitans)

A

problem with dopamine in basal ganglia. inclusion bodies= lewy bodies. masked faces, stooped posture, resting tremor, and festinating/shuffling gait and propulsive gait. cogwheel rigidity. substantia nigra of mesencephalon effected

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19
Q

PLS

A

posterolateral sclerosis AKA combined systems disease. dorsal columns and corticospinal tract affected. results from long term pernicious anemia (decreased intrinsic factor) or decreased vitamin B12

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20
Q

poliomyelitis

A

if affects anterior horn, produces LMNL. effects brainstem, then cranial nerves affected, possibly breathing apparatus as well

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21
Q

syringomyelia

A

cyst like formation from the central canal of the spinal cord that leads to loss of pain and temp and signs of an upper motor neuron lesion. cape-like distribution of pins and needles sensation. caused by syrinx, a central dilation of the spinal cord. loss of pain and temp bilaterally

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22
Q

wernicke-korsakoff

A

alcoholic psychosis with dememtia. depletion of thiamine B1 due to severe alcoholism

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23
Q

adenoma

A

tumor of glandular tissue

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24
Q

aneurismal bone cyst

A

ABC. Benign bone tumor. metaphyseal/diaphyseal. eccentric. blister of bone

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25
Q

benign tumors

A

encapsulated. short zone of transition. asymptomatic

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26
Q

brown’s tumor

A

tumor-shaped radiolucency d/t loss of bone density from hyperparathyroidism (PTH)

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27
Q

burkett’s lymphoma

A

starry sky appearance. jaw mass. central african child. epstein barr virus.

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28
Q

cachexia

A

wasting away

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29
Q

carcinoma

A

cancer of the epithelial tissue, usually spread by lymph system

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30
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

cancer that has not invaded basement membrane

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31
Q

cervical cancer

A

HPV 16 virus implicated

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32
Q

chrondroblastoma

A

benign bone tumor. <20 epiphyseal/metaphyseal

33
Q

chondroma

A

benign tumor of cartilage

34
Q

chordoma

A

cancer that is most commonly seen in sacrum. crosses joints.

35
Q

colorectal cancer

A

most commonly found in US

36
Q

cryptorchidism

A

absence of one or both testicles in scrotum (failure of descent of the testes). can cause testicular cancer.

37
Q

enchondroma (olliers disease)

A

benign hand tumor. stippled calcification. 2+ enchondromas =multiple enchondromatosis. endchondromatosis +soft tissue swelling +bone deformity =maffuci’s syndrome

38
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma

A

multi-laminated (onion skin appearance) periosteal reaction. cortical saucerization. children 10-25. moth-eaten appearance in medulla >minimics osteomyelitis

39
Q

fibroadenoma of breast

A

m/c breast tumor. associated w/ estrogens

40
Q

fibroma

A

myxomatous tissue. spindled and polyhedral cells.

41
Q

fibrous dysplasia

A

benign tumor, ground glass appearance. cafe au lait cost of maine appearance. w/ early puberty= albright’s disease. monostotic form =rind sign, rind of sclerosis

42
Q

giant cell tumor

A

tumor of osteoclasts. osteoclastoma. m/c in knee. quasi-malignant. age 20-40 epiphyseal/ metaphyseal

43
Q

hemangioma

A

benign tumor of blood vessels, most commonly found in spine

44
Q

hepatocellular liver cancer

A

most common primary liver cancer aka hepatoma

45
Q

histiocytosis X

A

hans-schuller-christian disease. histolytic granuloma, eosinophilic granuloma. lipid accumulates >vertebra plana

46
Q

hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

pel-epstein fever, reed sternberd cells, hepatosplenomegaly, enlarged lymph nodes ^IgE

47
Q

Krukenberg’s

A

cancer of stomach that metastasizes to ovaries, signet ring cell tumor

48
Q

leiomyoma

A

tumor of smooth muscle. fibroids in uterus

49
Q

Leukoplakia

A

white patch on oral mucosa from tobacco. cannot be wiped off precancerous

50
Q

lipoma

A

fatty tumore

51
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

m/c with non-smokers. best prognosis

52
Q

oat cell and small cell

A

worst prognosis (lung cancer)

53
Q

squamous cell lung cancer

A

most common in smokers

54
Q

malagnant tumors

A

non-encapsulated. long zone of transition. pain at night =deep and boring. weightloss

55
Q

metastasis

A

most common form of cancer in bones

56
Q

morton’s neuroma

A

between heads of 3-4 metatarsals

57
Q

multiple myeloma (plasma cell leukemia/sarcoma)

A

m/c 1` bone malignancy in adults. amyloid buildup. inclusion bodies= russell bodies. xray- punched out lesion, raindrop skull. Lab: IgG M-spike, bence jones proteinurea. elevated ESR

58
Q

myxoma

A

m/c benign cardiac tumor & m/c cardiac tumor

59
Q

neurofibromatosis

A

aka von recklinghausens dz. cafe au lait spots. coast of california

60
Q

onion bulb tumor

A

schwann cell tumor

61
Q

osteoblastoma

A

m/c seen in neural arch age 10-30

62
Q

osteochondroma

A

m/c benign tumor of extremities.. 2 types: sessile or pedunculated. multiple osteo chondromas =heredity multiple exostosis (HME)

63
Q

osteoid osteoma

A

pain worse @ night, relieved by aspirin. 15-25. radiolucent nidus w/ reactive sclerosis

64
Q

osteoma

A

m/c benign tumor of the skull, m/c in frontal sinus

65
Q

osteomyelitis

A

brodies abscess if chronic. sequestrum involucrum. cloaca. m/c/c staph aureus

66
Q

osteosarcoma

A

most common 1` bone cancer in children (10-30)

67
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

worst prognosis, very painful

68
Q

papilloma

A

associated with warts

69
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

neuroblastoma, benign tumor of adrenal medulla. causes episodic hypertension

70
Q

polycystic ovary disease

A

anovulation, obesity, hirsutism (excess hair on body and face)

71
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

tumor of striated muscle or heart muscle

72
Q

sarcoma

A

cancer of CT, usually spread by vascular system

73
Q

seminoma

A

cancer of testes, m/c/c of testicular cancer, mesenchymal/ stem cells

74
Q

simple unicameral bone cyst

A

SBC/UBC. benign bone tumor. metaphyseal/diaphyseal. concentric. fallen fragment sign. age <20 found in long bone

75
Q

stomach cancer

A

m/c in lesser curvature. leather bottle shaped stomach presentation

76
Q

teratoma

A

tumor of all 3 germinal layers

77
Q

virchow’s nodes

A

enlarged supraclavicular lymph nodes due to metastasis usually GI tract, usually left side supraclavicular lymph nodes

78
Q

wilm’s tumor

A

nephroblastoma. mixed tumor of kidney in children

79
Q

xanthoma

A

yellow tumor of CT

pathology boards (9 decks)

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