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Histology > Nervous tissue: quilt > Flashcards

Nervous tissue: quilt Flashcards

1
Q

Euchromatin

A

lightly packed DNA

-often but not always under active transcription

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2
Q

Heterochromatin

A

darker staining

-dense DNA found in the nucleus of cells

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3
Q

T or F: Neuron nuclei can contain multiple nucleolus.

A

True

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4
Q

Nissl Substance

A

RER cisternae + free ribosomes in alternating pattern

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5
Q

Do Nissl substances stain acidophilic or basophilic?

A

Basophilic

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6
Q

Lipofuscin

A

product of lysosomes, brown pigment of undigested material that typically increases with age

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7
Q

T or F: The axon hillock contains Nissl substance.

A

false

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8
Q

Neurotubules

A

microtubules located in the neuron

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9
Q

T or F: Golgi can be extremely large in the cell body of neurons.

A

true

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10
Q

Neurofibrils

A

Clusters of neurofilaments

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11
Q

Neurofilaments

A

neuron-specific intermediate filaments

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12
Q

Actin

A

Microfilament commonly seen in the neural cell body

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13
Q

Two other names for a neuron cell body

A

perikaryon and soma

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14
Q

T or F: Neurons can divide

A

False

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15
Q

T or F: Since neurons can’t divide, the cellular components are also never regenerated.

A

False

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16
Q

Synapse

A

Pre-Synaptic terminal + Synaptic Cleft + Post-synaptic terminal

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17
Q

End Bulb

A

another name for terminal end of axon

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18
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

located at the axon terminal

-contain neurotransmitters

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19
Q

Dendrites

A

part of neuron that is involved in receptor processes

-receives stimuli from other neurons or extracellular environment

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20
Q

T or F: Dendrites are tapered because their diameter decreases as you leave the cell body and branch

A

True

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21
Q

T or F: Dendrites are almost Never myelinated

A

True

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22
Q

Dendrites branch off at __ angles.

A

acute

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23
Q

T or F: Golgi cannot extend into the dendrites

A

False

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24
Q

T or F: Dendrites contain ribosomes

A

True

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25
Q

T or F: MT in the dendrites have no particular arrangement

A

False

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26
Q

How are MT in the dendrites arranged?

A

evenly spaced

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27
Q

In what way do dendrites function (input)?

A

dimmer switch

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28
Q

What is an example of a location in the body where neurons do not contain axons?

A

retina

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29
Q

T or F: Axons maintain a constant diameter

A

true

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30
Q

Which have a larger diameter, dendrites or axons?

A

dendrites

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31
Q

Which tends to branch more frequently, dendrites or axons?

A

dendrites

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32
Q

T or F: Axons can be myelinated.

A

true

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33
Q

Axons branch off at __ angles.

A

obtuse

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34
Q

How does the diameter of axon branches compare to the rest of the axon? (larger, smaller or same)

A

same

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35
Q

T or F: Axons never contain ribosomes

A

True

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36
Q

T or F: Axon neurofilaments and MT have an evenly spaced arrangement

A

False

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37
Q

The action potential of axons is ___

A

all or none

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38
Q

Can axons contain Nissl bodies or golgi?

A

no

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39
Q

How frequently do axons contain ribosomes?

A

never

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40
Q

Dendritic spines

A

mushroom-shaped structures connected to dendritic shaft

  • involved in “Plastic” changes o the brain
  • adaptation, learning, memory
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41
Q

What is the function of dendritic spines?

A

increase receptive area

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42
Q

on what order are dendritic spines present in the human cerebral cortex?

A

10^14

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43
Q

Hw many ribosomes are present in dendritic spines?

A

None

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44
Q

T or F: Dendritic spines are where most synapses impinging on neurons are made.

A

true

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45
Q

T or F: Dendritic spines are static structures.

A

false

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46
Q

T or F: SER and filamentous proteins extend into the dendritic spines.

A

true

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47
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

neuron type most often associated with receptors for special senses

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48
Q

T or F: Bipolar neurons are commonly found in the body.

A

false

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49
Q

Bipolar neurons contain _ axon and _ dendrite

A

1, 1

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50
Q

Which type of neurons are most common?

A

multipolar

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51
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

neurons containing more than 2 processes

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52
Q

Pseudounipolar neuron

A

Neuron type in which a T shape is formed

  • neurons in which stimuli travel from dendrites directly to axon terminal w/out passing through cell body
  • neuron type found in sensory neurons and ganglia (DRG)
  • centrally located nucleus, single process, and round perikarya
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53
Q

Synapse

A

Sites of functional contact between neurons and other neurons or effector cells
-convert electrical impulse into a chemical sign via neurotransmitter

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54
Q

T orF: Neurotransmitter’s can be excitatory or inhibitory

A

True

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55
Q

What holds the pre and post synaptic terminals approximate in the synaptic cleft?

A

filamentous proteins

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56
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Released into synaptic cleft and bind receptors on post-synaptic membrane
-responsible for unidirectional transmission of nerve impulses

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57
Q

dendrodendritic

A

classification of synapse between dendrites and other dendrites

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58
Q

axosomatic

A

classification of synapse located at the soma/cell body

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59
Q

axodendritic

A

classification of synapse on dendrite shaft or spine

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60
Q

Axoaxonic

A

Classification of synapse on axons

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61
Q

What percent of chemical synapses involve no reuptake of neurotransmitters?

A

20

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62
Q

T or F: 99.9% of synapses are chemical

A

true

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63
Q

What percent of chemical synapses involve the reuptake of neurotransmitter?

A

80%

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64
Q

T or F: Electrical synapses require neurotransmitters.

A

False

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65
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach) is an example of chemical ____ of neurotransmitter.

A

without reuptake

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66
Q

Epinephrine, serotonin and dopamine are examples of chemical synapses that ___ neurotransmitters.

A

reuptake

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67
Q

Cocaine inhibits the reuptake of what in the pleasure centers of the brain?

A

Dopamine and serotonin

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68
Q

What does electrical synapses use instead of neurotransmitters?

A

ions

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69
Q

Acetylcholine

A

very small synaptic vesicle that is clear on micrograph

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70
Q

norepinephrine

A

synaptic vesicle with small dot in center

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71
Q

inhibitory

A

synaptic vesicle with a tendency to fallen out

-contains GABA

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72
Q

Serotonin (5HT)

A

large synaptic vesicle with a very dense core

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73
Q

GABA

A

most abundant neurotransmitter in CNS

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74
Q

Glutamate

A

most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS

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75
Q

Neurotransmitters associated with pleasure centers of the brain?

A

dopamine and serotonin

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76
Q

Neurotransmitter involved in pain transmission?

A

substance P

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77
Q

non-directed synapses

A

synapses without distinct postsynaptic targets

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78
Q

What is the ratio of glia too neurons?

A

10:1

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79
Q

Glia (neuroglia)

A

cells that offer protection and support for neurons

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80
Q

T or F: there is a slow, constant turnover of glia

A

true

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81
Q

T or F: there is true connective tissue in the CNS

A

false

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82
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • glia with a large morphological to function diversity
  • have perivascular end feet covering blood vessels
  • help create blood brain barrier (BBB)
  • Most numerous glia cells
  • cofine Neurotransmitters to the synaptic cleft
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83
Q

Fibrous

A

astrocyte subtype found in white matter

-contains few, long cellular processes

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84
Q

protoplasmic

A

astrocyte subtype found in gray matter

-contains many, short-branched processes

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85
Q

Bergmann glia

A

astrocyte unique to the cerebellum

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86
Q

T or F: GFAP and glutamate synthetase are common markers of astrocytes

A

True

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87
Q

astrocytomas

A

tumors of astrocyte cells

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88
Q

T or F: Astrocyte processes can extend up to 100 micrometers

A

True

89
Q

Which type of glia are involved in the reaction to injury?

A

astrocytes

90
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

myelin producing cells of the CNS

91
Q

oligodendrocytomas

A

tumors of oligodendrocytes

92
Q

T or F: Oligodendrocytes produce myelin for only one axon

A

False

93
Q

Schwann cells

A

myelin producing cells of the PNS

94
Q

T or F: All axons in PNS have myelin about them.

A

true

95
Q

microglia

A

glia with phagocytic properties

-associated with immune response/part of the immune system

96
Q

what is the embryonic origin of microglia?

A

mesoderm

97
Q

T or F: All glia originate from ectodermal tissue

A

false

98
Q

What creates microglia?

A

blood monocytes

99
Q

Microglia are normally found near ___.

A

blood vessels

100
Q

Microglia can act as ___.

A

antigen presenting cells

101
Q

T or F: Microglia are normally active so they can respond to injury or pathogen invasion quickly.

A

false

102
Q

What do microglia release in order to attract T cells to nearby injury?

A

cytokines

103
Q

What do microglia release in order to activate nearby microglia?

A

interferon gamma

104
Q

ependymal

A

cuboidal/columnar epithelia glia cells that line the ventricles and central canal of the Brian and spinal cord

105
Q

Which glia cell type is often ciliated to facilitate CSF movement?

A

ependymal

106
Q

What is commonly used marker for ependymal glia?

A

vimentin

107
Q

Which type of glia uses microvilli to sample/monitor CSF?

A

ependymal

108
Q

The CSN contains which two structures?

A

brain and spinal cord

109
Q

What makes white matter white?

A

myelin

110
Q

T or F: white matter contains few to no neuron cell bodies

A

true

111
Q

__ matter contains many myelinated axons and lots of glia.

A

white matter

112
Q

T or F: The brain contains white matter outside and gray matter inside.

A

False

113
Q

The inner structure of the spinal are composed of __ matter.

A

gray

114
Q

Nucleus

A

collection of the neurons in CNS

115
Q

ganglia

A

collection of neurons in PNS

116
Q

Which contains more blood vessels? (white or gray matter)

A

gray

117
Q

PNS

A

cell bodies and nerve process outside the brain and spinal cord

118
Q

Gray matter

A

Network of cell bodies, unmyelinated axons and dendrites (AKA neuropil) and glia

119
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Consists of the CNS and PNS

-related to control of smooth muscle, secretion and modulation of cardiac muscle

120
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight response of the autonomic nervous system

121
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Mate and relate response of the autonomic system

122
Q

Spinal nerve

A

location where Doral and ventral roots meet temporarily

123
Q

T or F: sympathetic ganglia are usually located in the organ of innervation

A

False

124
Q

T or F: Sympathetic ganglia are generally located near the spinal column.

A

true

125
Q

Afferent

A

another name for the input units of the reflex arc

126
Q

efferent

A

another name for the output units of the reflex arc

127
Q

Sensory ganglia is found near the __.

A

Spinal column

128
Q

Satellite cells

A

similar to Schwann cell but produce no myelin

129
Q

T or F: Satellite cells form a distinct layer and uniformly surround neurons

A

True

130
Q

T or F: Autonomic motor ganglia is an example of a primary motor neuron.

A

False

131
Q

Do sympathetic ganglia live in the head?

A

no

132
Q

Which typically has fewer neurons? (sympathetic or parasympathetic)

A

parasympathetic

133
Q

Which contains multipolar neurons? (sympathetic or parasympathetic)

A

sympathetic

134
Q

T or F: The brain and spinal cord are solid structures

A

false

135
Q

T or F: Only the spinal cord is lined with ependymal cells, the Brian is not.

A

False

136
Q

T or F: CSF is not produced by the ventricles itself

A

true

137
Q

What structure within the ventricles produces CSF?

A

choroid plexus

138
Q

choroid

A

made up of dilated, fenestrated (leaky) capillaries enveloped in invaginated folds of Pia mater

139
Q

CSF

A

produced continually by choroid plexus

-circulated through ventricles, central canan, and subarachnoid space

140
Q

Dura Mater

A

tough, relative thick sheet of dense connective tissue

-very rich in nerve endings

141
Q

Arachnoid

A

delicate sheet of connective tissue coated beneath dura mater

142
Q

Pia mater

A

very delicate and thin layer of connective tissue

-only layer directly adhered to brain or spinal cord

143
Q

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

CSF

144
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges (mostly arachnoid and pis)

145
Q

Epineurium

A

fibrous coat of dense CT found in the PNS

146
Q

Perineurium

A

flattened epithelial-like cells in PNS

  • joined at edges via tight junctions
  • analogous to arachnoid
147
Q

endoneurium

A

thin layer of reticular fibers

-produced by Schwann cells in PNS

148
Q

Nerve fascilicus

A

Bundle of axons in the PNS

149
Q

Which CT covering in the PNS directly surround individual axons?

A

endoneurium

150
Q

Which CT covering in the PNS surrounds and binds together many fascicles?

A

epineurium

151
Q

T or F: Unmyelinated axons still have Schwann cells attached to them

A

true

152
Q

Perineural epithelium

A

1-2 layers of CT in PNS consisting of squamous-like cells

153
Q

Ependymal

A

cell type that lines hollow space in ventricles and central canal filled with CSF

154
Q

T or F: Ependyma cells are not ciliated

A

False

155
Q

Choroid cell

A

cuboidal epithelium cell that secretes CSF

-has cilia and microvilli

156
Q

T or F: increasing the axon diameter increases the conduction time.

A

False

157
Q

Which axons conduct signals faster? (myelinated or unmyelinated)

A

myelinated

158
Q

Myelin

A

electrical insulator on some axons

159
Q

T or F: Voltage reversal is inhibited by myelin at the Nodes of Ranvier

A

False

160
Q

In myelinated axons, what is the term of how the voltage reversal jumps from node to node?

A

saltatory conduction

161
Q

T or F: Voltage sensitive Na+ and K+ channels are located at the Nodes of Ranvier.

A

True

162
Q

T or F: All axons have Nodes of Ranvier

A

False

163
Q

The conduction velocity vs diameter graph for unmyelinated axons can be best described as ___

A

linear

164
Q

T or F: In the PNS, all axons are surround by Schwann cells

A

True

165
Q

PNS nerves that are surround by the body of Schwann cut have no myelin wrapping or Nodes of Ranvier are called what?

A

Unmyelinated

166
Q

T or F: In myelinated PNS nerves, the Schwann cells cover multiple axons

A

False

167
Q

How many axons does on Schwann cell cover in myelinated PNS nerves?

A

One (technically 1 segment of 1 axon)

168
Q

Which type of PNS nerves have abutted together Schwann cells in order to form a continuous sheath?

A

unmyelinated

169
Q

In the CNS, myelinated axons re surrounded by ____.

A

Oligodendrocytes

170
Q

How many axons can on oligodendrocyte myelinated?

A

5-10

171
Q

T or F: Unmyelinated axons in the CNS are still surrounded by oligodendrocytes.

A

false

172
Q

What glia cell type can surround unmyelinated axons in the CNS?

A

astrocytes

173
Q

Which glia type helps control the ionic and chemical environment in the CNS?

A

astrocytes

174
Q

T or F: Astrocytes have a role in synaptic activity.

A

True

175
Q

Astrocytes form the ___ barrier.

A

pia-glia barrier

176
Q

Which endocytotic method does astrocytes use to remove excess neurotransmitters?

A

pinocytosis

177
Q

What part of astrocytes regulate transport?

A

end feet

178
Q

Which cell junction type links endothelial cells to form the anatomical BBB?

A

zonula occludens

179
Q

T or F: The blood brain barrier does not contain a basement membrane

A

false

180
Q

What surrounds the BBB?

A

astrocyte end feet

181
Q

T or F: Lipid soluble molecules like O2, CO2, and EtOH cross the BBB easily.

A

True

182
Q

Which endocytotic method transports macromolecules across the BBB?

A

Receptor mediated

183
Q

Axoplasmic transport

A

movement of material in the neuron

184
Q

Which pathway of axoplasmic transport is followed by toxins and viruses entering the CNS?

A

retrograde

185
Q

Which axoplasmic transport method moves material away from the cell body?

A

anterograde

186
Q

In which direction (anatomically speaking) does retrograde axoplasmic transport occur?

A

toward cell body

187
Q

T or F: In retrograde axoplasmic transport, there is only a fast type, there is no slow movement.

A

True

188
Q

What is the velocity of “fast” anterograde transport?

A

20-400 mm/day

189
Q

What is the velocity of “slow” anterograde transport?

A

0.6-4mm/day

190
Q

What does fast anterograde transport move?

A

organelles and molecules

191
Q

What does slow anterograde transport move?

A

cytoskeletal and axolemma components

192
Q

T or F: Anterograde axoplasmic transport involves kinesin.

A

true

193
Q

T or F: Retrograde axoplasmic transport utilizes tubulin and actin

A

false

194
Q

What MT associated protein does retrograde axoplasmic transport involve?

A

dynein

195
Q

Which two cytoskeletal does slow anterograde transport involve?

A

tubulin and actin

196
Q

Which pathway does Herpies and Rabies use to invade the CNS?

A

Retrograde

197
Q

Can mammalian neurons divid?

A

no

198
Q

How often do mammalian neurons divid?

A

never

199
Q

T or F: In the case of injury, neurons can divide to regenerated nervosa system functions.

A

false

200
Q

T or F: Nervous tissue regeneration represents a permanent loss.

A

true

201
Q

T or F: Neuronal process are replaceable through growth and synthetic activity of the soma in a very narrow window of time.

A

true

202
Q

What limits possible regrowth of nervous tissue in the CNS?

A

glial scarring

203
Q

T or F: PNS fibers can regenerate if the soma isn’t destroyed and severed fibers are well approximated.

A

true

204
Q

Chromatolysis

A

cellular adema and loss of Nissl substance

205
Q

Secondary degeneration (wallerian)

A 
anterograde degeneration (axon to myelin sheath)
-degenerate and invaded  by macrophages
206
Q

What what rate does axonal sprouting (neurites) occur?

A

.5-3 mm/day

207
Q

beta-amyloid plaques

A

aggregated misfolded proteins implicated in Alzheimer disease

208
Q

Depression

A

a multifaceted disease with one component thought to involve the reuptake of serotonin and not epinephrine

209
Q

T or F: SSRI’s and SNRI’s slow down the reuptake of serotonin in depressed individuals.

A

true

210
Q

MAOI’s

A

an “Old school” treatment for depression containing monoamine oxidase that rapidly degrades norepinephrine

211
Q

Huntington Chorea

A

Fatal hereditary disease though to be the loss of GABA producing neurons

212
Q

When (in patients lifetime) does Huntington Chorea typically become evident?

A

30-40s

213
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

disease characterized by the loss of dopamine producing neurons in the substantial nigra and basal ganglia

214
Q

T or F: Dopamine is used in pathways coordinating smooth, focused movements.

A

true

215
Q

What is the name of the Parkinson’s disease hallmark resting tremor?

A

pill rolling tremor

216
Q

What hallmark of Parkinsons disease describes the loss of smooth movements?

A

cogwheel rigidity

217
Q

What is a common Parkinsons disease treatment, a dopamine precursor that can cross the BBB?

A

L-Dopa

218
Q

Fibrous astrocytomas

A

tumors arising from fibrous astrocytes

219
Q

T or F: 80% of adult primary brain tumors can be classified as fibrous astroctyomas

A

true

Histology (20 decks)

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