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Histology > Nervous Tissue I > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue I Flashcards

1
Q

Dendrites Appearance

A

Large diameter compared to axons

  • irregular contours and specialized appendages
  • typically does not extend far from the cell body
  • ALMOST NEVER MYELINATED
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2
Q

Dendrites: Branching

A

Forms dendritic trees

  • increases receptor surface area
  • can branch repeatedly
  • branches at acute angles
  • branches often vary in diameter
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3
Q

Dendrites unique differences in organelles

A

Contents of soma and dendrites are similar

  • golgi can extend into dendrites, not far but can
  • can contain ribosomes
  • microtubules PREVELANT- evenly spaced
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4
Q

Dendrites: Function

A

INPUT
Graded potentials-little or much acts like a dimmer switch
Receiving synapses

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5
Q

Axons: Appearance

A

Small diameter compared to dendrites

  • smooth contours and cylindrical shape
  • may extend great distances from cell body; 1-2 ft or more
  • can be myelinated
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6
Q

Axons Branching

A

Branches infrequently

  • obtuse angles
  • typically same diameter
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7
Q

Axons: Unique differences in organelles

A
  • Lacks Nissl bodies and Golgi

- never contain ribosomes

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8
Q

Axons: Function:

A

OUTPUT

  • action potential-all or none
  • conduction and transmission-carry information away from cell body
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9
Q

Dendritic Spines

A

SER and filamentous proteins extend into spines

-no ribosomes

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10
Q

Dendritic Spines Function

A

Increase Receptive area

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11
Q

Synapse

A

to fasten together/union

-enlarge part of a nerve fiber

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12
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

In vestibular system

-sensory system essential to normal movement and equilibrium

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13
Q

Pseudounipolar neuron

A

Most are sensory

-associated with pain near skin

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14
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

most of the neurons in the body

-cell body has multiple dendrites

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15
Q

Axosomatic synapse

A

axon-> cell body

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16
Q

Ganglion

A

a collection of neuron cell bodies outside of CNS

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17
Q

Axoaxonic synapse

A

axon-> axon

-less frequent

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18
Q

Axodendritic synapse

A

axon-> dendrite or dendrite spine

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19
Q

Dendrodendritic

A

dendrite-> dendrite

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20
Q

Chemical Synapses

A

use Neurotransmitters
2 types: with or without uptake
-20% are broken down by enzyme
-80% NTs taken back up into presynaptic membrane

Without reuptake example- acetylcholine
with reuptake: catecholamines include epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

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21
Q

Electrical Synapses

A

Gap junction like

  • very rare
  • no Neurotransmitters required
  • slow acting process
  • use ion channels instead of clefts
  • found in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and retina of the eye
  • more common in invertebrates
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22
Q

appearance Characteristic of synaptic vesicles containing: Acetycholine

A

Very small

  • about 40-50 nm diameter
  • clear color
23
Q

appearance Characteristic of synaptic vesicles containing: Norepinephrine

A

40-60 nm diameter

-small dot in center

24
Q

appearance Characteristic of synaptic vesicles containing: Inhibitory

A

Filamentous and flat
-different sizes
-usually about 50 nm
Ex; GABA

25
Q

appearance Characteristic of synaptic vesicles containing: Serotonin

A

aka 5HT

  • very large, about 80-150 nm
  • dense core on the inside
26
Q

GABA

A

Gamma-amino bytyric acid

  • most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS
  • 30-40% of all synapses
27
Q

Dopamine

A

Associated with pleasure centers

28
Q

Glutamate

A

Most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS

-ubiquitous (found everywhere)

29
Q

Substance P

A

pain transmission

30
Q

Non-directed synapses

A

Synapses without distinct postsynaptic targets

  • slow acting mechanism
  • more energy efficient
31
Q

Parasympathetic

A

stimulation of smooth muscles such as in GI tracts

-Ach dumped in area and diffuses to smooth muscle

32
Q

Glia

A

or Neuroglia

  • 10:1 glia to neurons
  • provide protection and support for neurons
  • proliferation/constant slow turnover
  • no conduction
33
Q

What are the 4 types of Glia

A

Astrocytes
Meyline producing cells
Microglia
Ependymal Cells

34
Q

Astrocytes

-morphological subtypes

A

large and Most numerous
-functional diversity

Morphological Subtypes:

  • fibrous in white matter
  • Protoplasmic in gray matter
  • others in unique brain regions

-10-20 micrometer soma

35
Q

Common markers for Astrocytes

A
  • Glial Fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

- Glutamate Synthetase

36
Q

What are astrocyte tumors called

A

Astrocytomas

37
Q

Astrocytes Function

A

Physical and metabolic support

Metabolic:

  • store glycogen
  • K+ sink-control ionic and chemical environment
  • store neurotransmitter enzymes
  • processes surround neurons and can extend 100 micrometers
  • have perivascular end feed that cover blood vessels and neurons

Reaction to injury:

  • increase in size=hypertrophy
  • increase in number=hyperplasia
  • glial scar from dead astrocytes, casques decreased or lack of conduction for neurons
38
Q

Myelin Producing cells

A

Oligodendocytes-CNS ONLY

Schwann Cells-PNS

39
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

CNS only

  • 10-12 micrometer soma
  • small dark, round nucleus
  • cytopaslm difficult to see at LM level without markers
  • stain light- dark (EM) deepening on age of oligo
  • Produces myelin for serve CNS axons
40
Q

Myelin

A

Lipid rich cellular extension, acts as insulator

41
Q

Common markers for oligodendrocytes

A

Myelin basic proteins

Galactocerebroside (Gal C)

42
Q

Oligodendrocyte tumors are called?

A

oligodendrocytomas

43
Q

Schwann Cells

A

PNS

-surround myelinated (one) or unmyelinated (several) PNS axons

44
Q

Common Markers for Schwann cells

A

Rail

45
Q

Microglia

A

Microphagic=phagocytic part of immune system, ingest cellular debris/invaders

  • act as antigen present cells to prevent antigens to newly activated T cells
  • 10 um soma
  • Mesodermal origin (bone marrow)- all other glia ectodermal (neural tube)
  • created from blood monocytes (same as macrophages)
  • normally found near blood vessels
  • increase in size and number with disease
  • normally inactive but respond to injury
  • release interferon to wctiavert cells nearby
  • release cytokines to attract T cells
46
Q

Common markers for microglia

A

MAC-1, MAC-3, OX42

47
Q

Ependymal Cell

A

Cuboidal/columnar epithelia

  • line ventricles, central canal of brain
  • helps CSF movement through ventricular system
  • Ciliated and also have microvilli
  • Processes can extend far into the CNS
48
Q

Markers of Ependymal cells

A

Vimentin

49
Q

Function of Ependymal cells

A

Monitor CSF

50
Q

Ependymal cell tumor is called

A

Ependymona

51
Q

Central Nervous system

A

Brain (cerebrum and cerebellum) and Spinal Cord

-contains white matter (axons) and gray matter (cell bodies)

52
Q

White matter contains

A

No or few neuron cell bodies

  • many myelinated axons
  • Glia (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia)
53
Q

Gray Matter contains

A

Neuron cell bodies

  • netowrk of unmyelinated axons and dendrites
  • glia
  • many blood vessel compared to white matter
54
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Cell bodies and nerve process outside the brain and spinal cord

Histology (20 decks)

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