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Exam 1 material Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

a mass of protoplasm limited in space by a membrane

(protoplasm-living matter composed of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

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2
Q

Protoplasm

A

living matter composed of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

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3
Q

Organelles

A

“Little organs”

  • have distinct structure-membranes
  • perform specific energy requiring functions
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4
Q

Inclusions

A

Storage components (ie. glycogen, lipids, lipofuscin)

  • no membrane
  • sometimes scaffolds for other functions

Cytoplasm- glycogen lipids, lpiosion
Nucleus-many types

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5
Q

Difference between organelles and inclusions

A

Organelles have membranes

Inclusions do not

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6
Q

Cell Membrane

A

About 75 Angstroms thick

  • a bilayer of phospholipids w/proteins
    1. Plasma membrane (Plasmalemma)- selective barrier between the enviroment and cytoplasm
    2. Trilaminar structure-due to phospholipids
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7
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Cell Coat

  • carbohydrates that extend from cell membrane
  • made from either proteins in the external face of Plasma membrane (glycoproteins) or from phospholipid molecules (glycolipids)
  • Function: Cell to cell recognition, cell to cell adhesion
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8
Q

Globular Proteins

A

Move around and spin within the plasma membrane

-ion channels, pumps, receptors, transducers, enzymes

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material-CALLED Nucleoplasm

-surrounded by nuclear envelope

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10
Q

Nuclear Structures

A

Chromatin (2 types)
Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Cytoskeleton

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11
Q

Chromatin

-2 types

A

(Protein/DNA)

1) Heterochromatin
- Dense coiled DNA
- Darker staining on EM
- Basophilic (stains blue) on LM
- Fund in 3 locations:
a) marginal chromatin(near edge)
b) Karyosomes (not near the edge)
c) nucleolar associated chromatin

2) Euchromatin
- uncoiled DNA more active
- lighter staining on EM
- Unstained on LM

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

site of rRNA synthesis

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13
Q

Nuclear Cytoskeleton

A

Nuclear Lamina
-made of lamins (proteins)-intermediate filaments-serves as scaffolding for nuclear components
-

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14
Q

Lamins

A

Proteins that Lie between nuclear membrane and marginal heterochromatin
-disassemble due to mitosis and reassemble after

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15
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

allow passage of mRNA into cytoplasm

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16
Q

Ribosomes

A

made of rRNA and protein

  • involved in translation
  • Large and small subunits come together to form ribosomes
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17
Q

Riboproteins

A

involved in binding of large and small subunits to form ribosome

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18
Q

Classification of ribosomes

A

Free Ribosomes

  • located in cytoplasm
  • proteins they produce stay in the cell

ER (endoplasmic reticulum) bound:

  • extracellular protein synthesis
  • protein products usually integral plasma membrane proteins or secreted
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19
Q

Intracellular Protein Synthesis

A

Occurs on free polyribosomes

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20
Q

Polyribosomes

A

cluster of any type of ribosome linked by mRNA

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21
Q

Extracellular Protein synthesis

A

occurs on ribosomes bound to ER

-inclues proteins bound for membrane

22
Q 
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
-types?
A

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER or rER)

Smooth endoplasmic Reticulum (SER or sER)

23
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER or rER)

A
  • contain ribosomes
  • protein synthesis for insertion into membrane or export
  • contain cisternae
  • membrane bound translation
24
Q

Where does a protein that has been synthesized on the ER go afterwards?

A

Golgi Apparatus

25
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER or sER)
-contains no ribosomes/no protein synthesis function- - synthesis of steroid hormones, glycogen and lipids - HCl formation (gut) - Ca2+ stored in the sacroplasmic reticulum - drug detoxification`
26
Golgi Apparatus
- site of protein modification - transfer vesicles containing protein move from RER to forming/cis face of the golgi - carbohydrates are added to form glycoproteins, then packaged in secretory grande;s for cellular export - produces glycocalyx for integral membrane
27
Lysosomes
Formed at the Golgi-membrane bound -contain hydrolytic enzymes used for digestion of extracellular or intracellular components Function: - breakdown of cell - cell remodeling - normal turnover of organelles/macromolecules - breakdown of bacteria and viruses 2 Types - Primary Lysosomes - Secondary Lysosomes
28
Primary Lysosomes vs secondary Lysosomes
Primary: - newly formed - not yet digesting material - Light on EM Secondary: - actively digesting - Dark/opaque on EM
29
Lysosomes: | -enzyme specific for
``` Proteins: proteases Nucleic acids: Nucleases Polysaccharides: glycosidases Lipids: Lipases Organic Linked Phosphates: Phosphatases ```
30
Tay Sachs Disease
*** Lipid metabolism defect -autosomal recessive trait -missing enzyme (hexosaminidase-found in lysosome) for splitting off hexose form a ganglioside -gangliosides accumulate in neural tissue causing retardation and childhood death
31
Ganglioside
complex form of a glycolipid found in gray matter cells in CNS
32
Peroxisomes
Contain many oxidative enzymes (catalase ex) that breakdown Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) - H2O2 is toxic to cells-causes free radical formation (unpaired electrons) - free radical cross linked proteins=non functional
33
Mitochondria
Provide energy for the cell in the form of ATP - contain their own circular DNA and ribosomes for self replication - found in all cells except RBC and terminal Keratinocytes (in skin) - NO ER - where TCA cycle occurs Function: -ATP production, calcium sink, and heat production (brown fat)
34
Cytoskeleton
Non membrane found organelles 3 types: - Microtubules - Intermediate Filaments - Microfilaments
35
MAPS
Microtubule Associated proteins - Link Microtubules (MT) to other cytoskeletal components and organelles - associated with vesicle and organelle movement - help stabilize microtubules (MT) in cilia and flagella
36
Microtubules
Largest of Cytoskeleton - protein polymer made of tubulin subunits; has an alpha and beta tubulin subunit (protein dimer) - tubulin dimer polyermize to form microtubule; reversible depending on ADP, pH Ca2+ concentration - present in all cells - can change length depending on physiological conditions within the cell - line up to form spindle fibers in mitosis Function - provide physical support for cells via cytoskeleton - chromosome movement during cell division, involved with ciliary movement - intracellular transport of secretory products - involved with cell division
37
Intermediate filaments
Type of cytoskeleton - Protein polymer that isn't hollow - relatively stable compared to MT (microtubules0 or MF (microfilaments( - Function=structural
38
4 major families of intermediate filaments
1) Keratins-found in epithelial cells, tough-fingernails, hair etc 2) Vimentin and vimentin like intermediate filaments: - not found in all cells - most widely distirubuted IF in the body 3) Neurofilaments - found only in neurons 4) Lamins - found in all nucleated cells
39
Microfilaments
MF -2 basic types: Actin and myosin Function: - contraction (cellular movement) - cytokinesis (pinching of cell division) - Endocytosis-cell membrane invaginates - Ameboid movement - Structural support
40
Centrioles - location - structure - made of? - Function?
made of microtubules Location: near the nucleus-2 per cell Structure: -short cylinder made of microtubules in 9 triplets (9x3) -each triplet contains 3 microtubules in CCO pattern connected by protein links Function: - during cell division, migrate to opposite poles of cell - serve as organizing centers for mitotic spindles (MTOC-microtuble organizing center) - some drugs interfere with MT asesembly-during cell cycle
41
Inclusions | -types?
Do not perform energy-requiring functions 3 Types 1) Lipid or Fat: may or may not be membrane bound 2) Glycogen -B glycogen: single subunit 2x size of ribosome -Alpha glycogen: cluster of Beta glycogen 3) Residula body -tertiary lyososome (Ex: Lipofuscin accumulates with age)
42
Microvilli
AKA striated border, brush border - regular or irregular finger-like projections that are extensions of the plasma membrane - contain villin (anchor at tip) - contain actin filaments, fascin, fibrin, and myosin 1 - have a terminal web with spectrum (anchor), myosin II, tropomyosin - Actin keeps MV rigid and discrete Function: - increases surface area for exchange of material in the cell - aid in absorption ** no microtubules in microvilli
43
Stereocilia
very long microvilli - found in sensory organs of the ear and male reproduction system - NOT CILIA
44
Epithelia
cells that cover a free surface or line a tube or cavity have attachment through each other through type of cell junctions: - tight junction - belt desmosome - Desmosome
45
Tight Junction
``` AKA zonula occludens -connect epithelial cell to epithelial cell -membranes are in direct contact - function: -make tight seal between cells -prevent material from leaking between cells -not a strong attachment ```
46
Belt Desmosome
AKA zonula Adherens -connects epithelial cells to epithelial cells function: keeps cells from being pulled apart VERY STRONG Composed of: - microfilaments: actin - dense cytoplasmic material
47
Fascia Adherens
attachments found between non-epithelial cells - most found in cardiac cells - similar structure to belt desmosomes
48
Desmosome
Macula Adherens or Spot Desmosome - connects cell to cells; all types of cells - contain monofilaments - cytoplasmic plaque Function: holds cells together tightly
49
Hemidesmosome
one half of a desmosome - connects epithelia to connective tissue - tonofilaments - cytoplasmic plaque
50
Gap Junction
``` Nexus Junction -two membranes don't touch! -allows for cell to cell communication - Function: -allows for cell to cell communication -involves electrochemical coupling -small peptides can move from cell to cell -move ions/charges-important in cardiac and smooth muscle ```
51
Functional Complex
connects epithelial cells to epithelial cells Consists of 3 types of junctions: - tight junction - belt desmosome - desmosome

Histology (20 decks)

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