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Histology > Exam 1 material > Flashcards

Exam 1 material Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

a mass of protoplasm limited in space by a membrane

(protoplasm-living matter composed of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

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2
Q

Protoplasm

A

living matter composed of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

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3
Q

Organelles

A

“Little organs”

  • have distinct structure-membranes
  • perform specific energy requiring functions
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4
Q

Inclusions

A

Storage components (ie. glycogen, lipids, lipofuscin)

  • no membrane
  • sometimes scaffolds for other functions

Cytoplasm- glycogen lipids, lpiosion
Nucleus-many types

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5
Q

Difference between organelles and inclusions

A

Organelles have membranes

Inclusions do not

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6
Q

Cell Membrane

A

About 75 Angstroms thick

  • a bilayer of phospholipids w/proteins
    1. Plasma membrane (Plasmalemma)- selective barrier between the enviroment and cytoplasm
    2. Trilaminar structure-due to phospholipids
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7
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Cell Coat

  • carbohydrates that extend from cell membrane
  • made from either proteins in the external face of Plasma membrane (glycoproteins) or from phospholipid molecules (glycolipids)
  • Function: Cell to cell recognition, cell to cell adhesion
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8
Q

Globular Proteins

A

Move around and spin within the plasma membrane

-ion channels, pumps, receptors, transducers, enzymes

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material-CALLED Nucleoplasm

-surrounded by nuclear envelope

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10
Q

Nuclear Structures

A

Chromatin (2 types)
Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Cytoskeleton

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11
Q

Chromatin

-2 types

A

(Protein/DNA)

1) Heterochromatin
- Dense coiled DNA
- Darker staining on EM
- Basophilic (stains blue) on LM
- Fund in 3 locations:
a) marginal chromatin(near edge)
b) Karyosomes (not near the edge)
c) nucleolar associated chromatin

2) Euchromatin
- uncoiled DNA more active
- lighter staining on EM
- Unstained on LM

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

site of rRNA synthesis

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13
Q

Nuclear Cytoskeleton

A

Nuclear Lamina
-made of lamins (proteins)-intermediate filaments-serves as scaffolding for nuclear components
-

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14
Q

Lamins

A

Proteins that Lie between nuclear membrane and marginal heterochromatin
-disassemble due to mitosis and reassemble after

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15
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

allow passage of mRNA into cytoplasm

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16
Q

Ribosomes

A

made of rRNA and protein

  • involved in translation
  • Large and small subunits come together to form ribosomes
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17
Q

Riboproteins

A

involved in binding of large and small subunits to form ribosome

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18
Q

Classification of ribosomes

A

Free Ribosomes

  • located in cytoplasm
  • proteins they produce stay in the cell

ER (endoplasmic reticulum) bound:

  • extracellular protein synthesis
  • protein products usually integral plasma membrane proteins or secreted
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19
Q

Intracellular Protein Synthesis

A

Occurs on free polyribosomes

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20
Q

Polyribosomes

A

cluster of any type of ribosome linked by mRNA

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21
Q

Extracellular Protein synthesis

A

occurs on ribosomes bound to ER

-inclues proteins bound for membrane

22
Q 
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
-types?
A

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER or rER)

Smooth endoplasmic Reticulum (SER or sER)

23
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER or rER)

A
  • contain ribosomes
  • protein synthesis for insertion into membrane or export
  • contain cisternae
  • membrane bound translation
24
Q

Where does a protein that has been synthesized on the ER go afterwards?

A

Golgi Apparatus

25
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER or sER)

A

-contains no ribosomes/no protein synthesis

function-

  • synthesis of steroid hormones, glycogen and lipids
  • HCl formation (gut)
  • Ca2+ stored in the sacroplasmic reticulum
  • drug detoxification`
26
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • site of protein modification
  • transfer vesicles containing protein move from RER to forming/cis face of the golgi
  • carbohydrates are added to form glycoproteins, then packaged in secretory grande;s for cellular export
  • produces glycocalyx for integral membrane
27
Q

Lysosomes

A

Formed at the Golgi-membrane bound
-contain hydrolytic enzymes used for digestion of extracellular or intracellular components

Function:

  • breakdown of cell
  • cell remodeling
  • normal turnover of organelles/macromolecules
  • breakdown of bacteria and viruses

2 Types

  • Primary Lysosomes
  • Secondary Lysosomes
28
Q

Primary Lysosomes vs secondary Lysosomes

A

Primary:

  • newly formed
  • not yet digesting material
  • Light on EM

Secondary:

  • actively digesting
  • Dark/opaque on EM
29
Q

Lysosomes:

-enzyme specific for

A 
Proteins: proteases
Nucleic acids: Nucleases
Polysaccharides: glycosidases
Lipids: Lipases
Organic Linked Phosphates: Phosphatases
30
Q

Tay Sachs Disease

A

Lipid metabolism defect
-autosomal recessive trait
-missing enzyme (hexosaminidase-found in lysosome) for splitting off hexose form a ganglioside
-gangliosides accumulate in neural tissue causing retardation and childhood death

31
Q

Ganglioside

A

complex form of a glycolipid found in gray matter cells in CNS

32
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain many oxidative enzymes (catalase ex) that breakdown Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

  • H2O2 is toxic to cells-causes free radical formation (unpaired electrons)
  • free radical cross linked proteins=non functional
33
Q

Mitochondria

A

Provide energy for the cell in the form of ATP

  • contain their own circular DNA and ribosomes for self replication
  • found in all cells except RBC and terminal Keratinocytes (in skin)
  • NO ER
  • where TCA cycle occurs

Function:
-ATP production, calcium sink, and heat production (brown fat)

34
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Non membrane found organelles

3 types:

  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate Filaments
  • Microfilaments
35
Q

MAPS

A

Microtubule Associated proteins

  • Link Microtubules (MT) to other cytoskeletal components and organelles
  • associated with vesicle and organelle movement
  • help stabilize microtubules (MT) in cilia and flagella
36
Q

Microtubules

A

Largest of Cytoskeleton

  • protein polymer made of tubulin subunits; has an alpha and beta tubulin subunit (protein dimer)
  • tubulin dimer polyermize to form microtubule; reversible depending on ADP, pH Ca2+ concentration
  • present in all cells
  • can change length depending on physiological conditions within the cell
  • line up to form spindle fibers in mitosis

Function

  • provide physical support for cells via cytoskeleton
  • chromosome movement during cell division, involved with ciliary movement
  • intracellular transport of secretory products
  • involved with cell division
37
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Type of cytoskeleton

  • Protein polymer that isn’t hollow
  • relatively stable compared to MT (microtubules0 or MF (microfilaments(
  • Function=structural
38
Q

4 major families of intermediate filaments

A

1) Keratins-found in epithelial cells, tough-fingernails, hair etc
2) Vimentin and vimentin like intermediate filaments:
- not found in all cells
- most widely distirubuted IF in the body
3) Neurofilaments
- found only in neurons
4) Lamins
- found in all nucleated cells

39
Q

Microfilaments

A

MF
-2 basic types: Actin and myosin

Function:

  • contraction (cellular movement)
  • cytokinesis (pinching of cell division)
  • Endocytosis-cell membrane invaginates
  • Ameboid movement
  • Structural support
40
Q

Centrioles

  • location
  • structure
  • made of?
  • Function?
A

made of microtubules
Location: near the nucleus-2 per cell
Structure:
-short cylinder made of microtubules in 9 triplets (9x3)
-each triplet contains 3 microtubules in CCO pattern connected by protein links

Function:

  • during cell division, migrate to opposite poles of cell
  • serve as organizing centers for mitotic spindles (MTOC-microtuble organizing center)
  • some drugs interfere with MT asesembly-during cell cycle
41
Q

Inclusions

-types?

A

Do not perform energy-requiring functions
3 Types
1) Lipid or Fat: may or may not be membrane bound
2) Glycogen
-B glycogen: single subunit 2x size of ribosome
-Alpha glycogen: cluster of Beta glycogen
3) Residula body
-tertiary lyososome (Ex: Lipofuscin accumulates with age)

42
Q

Microvilli

A

AKA striated border, brush border

  • regular or irregular finger-like projections that are extensions of the plasma membrane
  • contain villin (anchor at tip)
  • contain actin filaments, fascin, fibrin, and myosin 1
  • have a terminal web with spectrum (anchor), myosin II, tropomyosin
  • Actin keeps MV rigid and discrete

Function:

  • increases surface area for exchange of material in the cell
  • aid in absorption

** no microtubules in microvilli

43
Q

Stereocilia

A

very long microvilli

  • found in sensory organs of the ear and male reproduction system
  • NOT CILIA
44
Q

Epithelia

A

cells that cover a free surface or line a tube or cavity

have attachment through each other through type of cell junctions:

  • tight junction
  • belt desmosome
  • Desmosome
45
Q

Tight Junction

A 
AKA zonula occludens
-connect epithelial cell to epithelial cell
-membranes are in direct contact
-
function:
-make tight seal between cells
-prevent material from leaking between cells
-not a strong attachment
46
Q

Belt Desmosome

A

AKA zonula Adherens
-connects epithelial cells to epithelial cells

function: keeps cells from being pulled apart VERY STRONG

Composed of:

  • microfilaments: actin
  • dense cytoplasmic material
47
Q

Fascia Adherens

A

attachments found between non-epithelial cells

  • most found in cardiac cells
  • similar structure to belt desmosomes
48
Q

Desmosome

A

Macula Adherens or Spot Desmosome

  • connects cell to cells; all types of cells
  • contain monofilaments
  • cytoplasmic plaque

Function:
holds cells together tightly

49
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

one half of a desmosome

  • connects epithelia to connective tissue
  • tonofilaments
  • cytoplasmic plaque
50
Q

Gap Junction

A 
Nexus Junction
-two membranes don't touch!
-allows for cell to cell communication 
-
Function:
-allows for cell to cell communication 
-involves electrochemical coupling
-small peptides can move from cell to cell
-move ions/charges-important in cardiac and smooth muscle
51
Q

Functional Complex

A

connects epithelial cells to epithelial cells

Consists of 3 types of junctions:

  • tight junction
  • belt desmosome
  • desmosome

Histology (20 decks)

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