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Histology > Cartilage & Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage & Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Protein and Mineral deficiencies: Factor in Cartilage Growth

A

Decrease in Growth

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2
Q

Mixed spicule

A

contains both calcified cartilage and bone

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3
Q

Lacunae

A

Cavities in the cartilage matrix that contain individual chondrocytes

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4
Q

What does osteoclast activity create?

A

Howship Lacunae

  • area of bone resorption
  • depression in matrix
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5
Q

Vit D deficiency: Factor in Cartilage Growth

A

abnormal growth because Vitamin D is needed for calcium absorption

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6
Q

Interstitial material of all cartilage

A

very hydrate- 60-80% by weight

1) Collagenous Fibers=Type II cartilage
2) Elastic Fibers= amorphous
3) Ground substance (GAGs)-3types
- Condroitin
- Keratan sulfate
- hyaluronic acid

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7
Q

Where is elastic cartilage located?

A

external ear

  • auditory tube
  • epiglottis
  • cartilage of larynx
  • septum of alveoli
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8
Q

Osseous Tissue

-general morphology

A

Differentiated and specialized for supporting weight

  • dynamic
  • continuously reorganized
  • highly vascular (VS cartilage is avascular)
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9
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage in the body?

A

1) Hyaline
2) Elastic
3) Fibrous

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10
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Type of Cartilage Growth

  • growth at the surface
  • proliferatin of chondrogenic cells into chondroblasts
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11
Q

Osteoclast

A

large, multinucleate cells

  • rough edges
  • eats bone
  • contains ruffled border to increase surface area
  • cytoplasmic processes and microvilli
  • uses ameboid movement (motile)
  • secretes lysosomes
  • derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage
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12
Q

How does the interterritorial matrix stain?

A

Poorly

-more acidophilic compared to territorial matrix

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13
Q

Where is cancellous bone found?

A

inner core of bones
-between the inner and outer table so the skull
epiphyses of long bones

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14
Q

Osteoporosis

A

can be due to increase osteoclastic function

  • dense, heavy and brittle bones
  • osteoclasts lack ruffled borders
  • bone resorption defective
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15
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

firm support with tensile strength

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16
Q

Parathyroid Hormone: osteoclast

A

Indirectly increases osteoclast activity by:

  • Osteoclasts product cytokine called osteoclast stimulated hormone
  • increases bone reabsorption
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17
Q

Interterritorial Matrix

A

In between isogenous groups

-contains more collagen fibers than territorial matrix

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18
Q

Organic matrix of bone matrix contains:

A

Type I collagen

  • nonmineralized ground substance
  • y-carboxglutamate contain phosphoproteins
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19
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Matrix fibers are collagenous and elastic in nature

-contains elastic fibers, type II Collagen, perichondrium

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20
Q

Perichondrium

-general characteristics

A
  • a covering on all cartilage except articular cartilage and fibrocartilage
  • Vascular
  • inervated
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21
Q

T or F: Cartilage Tissue is avascular

A

True

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22
Q

Territorial matrix

A
  • surrounds isogenous group
  • contains more ground substance than capsule
  • metachromatic-Chondroitin sulfate
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23
Q

Tendon

A

Muscle to Bone

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24
Q

Factors influencing cartilage:

A

1) Protein and mineral deficiencies
2) Vitamin C deficiency
3) Vitamin D deficiency
4) X-ray radiation inhibits or stops cell proliferation
5) Growth Hormone and Thyroxine required for normal growth

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25
Q

Cancellous Bone: Endosteum

A
  • 1 cell layer thick
  • made of active and inactive osteoblasts
  • lines the spicules
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26
Q

Haversion canal contains:

A

blood vessels

  • capillaries
  • venules
  • arterioles
  • nerves
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27
Q

Cartilage and Bone

-General Considerations

A

Specialized types of CT

-bear weight and give rigidity

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28
Q

What determines different cartilage types?

A

composition of the matrix

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29
Q

How do capsules stain?

A

Dark, basophilic stain

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30
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

A

Flexible support

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31
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Lacks perichondrium, so growth depends on interstitial growth

  • Contains few chondrocytes arranged in columns or rows
  • acts as a transition tissue between hyaline cartilage, bone, and fibrous tissue
  • coarse bundles of type I cartilage arranged in a herring patter
  • also contains Type II cartilage
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32
Q

Capsule

A

Pericellular Matrix

-located immediately around the chondrocytes

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33
Q

Cement line

A

No organic matrix-where lamellae touch

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34
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilage growth?

-one thing in common

A

1) Appositional growth
2) Interstitial Growth

In Both synthesis of matrix contributions to growth of cartilage

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35
Q

Ligament

A

Bone to Bone

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36
Q

Osteoblast

A

Can proliferate

  • immature
  • synthetically active cell
  • synthesizes organic components of matrix called OSTEOID
  • releases vesicles containing alkaline phosphatase (ossified osteoid, immature bone and cartilage)
  • Becomes active osteocyte
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37
Q

How does cartilage derive its nutrients when developing?

A

derived by diffusion rom capillaries and tissue fluids

-remember in developing cartilage capillaries are not uncommon

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38
Q

Structures outside the osteon in Compact bone

-describe

A

1) Innercirumferential lamellae
2) Endosteum->covers inner circumference of lammelae
3) Interstitial lamellae-between osteons
4) Outer circumferential lammellae
5) Volkmann’s canal

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39
Q

Whats another name for spongy bone

A

Cancellous bone

40
Q

Which type of cartilage has the widest distribution?

A

Hyaline

41
Q

Metachromatic

A

Chondroitin sulfate

42
Q

Inorganic matrix of bone matrix contains:

A

Carbonate

  • Citrate
  • Mg2+
  • Trace heavy metal
43
Q

What is another name for bone?

A

Osseous tissue

44
Q

What do cartilage and bone originate embryologically?

A

Mesenchyme tissue

45
Q

Metalloproteinase

A

Enzyme produced by chondrocytes

-degrades cartilage material allowing cells to reposition themselves

46
Q

Vit C deficiency: Factor in cartilage growth

A

Decreases in growth due to inadequate collagen synthesis

-Scurvy

47
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A
  • Protection
  • support
  • blood cell formation
  • serves as sites of attachment for skeletal muscle
48
Q

Developing Cartilage

A
  • Proiliferation of chondrocytes within cartilage

- rationale for isogenous groups

49
Q

Chondroblast

A

Spindle Shaped

-synthesize and deposit cartilage

50
Q

Canaliculi

A

connect lacuna to lacuna

-contain capillaries

51
Q

Volkmann’s canal

A

perpendicular to Haversian canal

-connects 2 Haversian canals

52
Q

Where is Hyaline Cartilage located?

A

respiratory passages

  • ventral ends of ribs
  • bone surfaces within joints (articular cartilage)
53
Q

Osteoclasts vs Osteoblasts with age

A

Osteoclasts are more active with age

  • results in loss of bone mass
  • in postmenopause women due to loss of estradiol osteoclast activity accelerates
54
Q

Where is fibrocartilage located?

A

Intervertebral discs

  • pubic symphysis
  • lines tendon grooves
  • at insertion of tendons and ligaments to bone
55
Q

Endosteum

A

Covers inner surface of bone

-represents boundary between the bone matrix and marrow cavities

56
Q

Inner circumferential lamellae

A

located beneath endosteum

-forms innermost layer of compact bone

57
Q

How is osseous tissue classified?

A

Compact or spongy (cancellous)

-Based on density or mass of the tissue

58
Q

What does the periosteum contain

A
  • Osteogenic cells
  • Fibroblasts
  • Collagen
  • Ground substance
59
Q

Cartilage tissue contains nerves and lymphatics

A

False

Cartilage tissue lacks nerve and lymphatics

60
Q

Proliferation defintion

A

rapid increase in numbers

61
Q

How does the territorial matrix stain?

A

Basophilic

62
Q

What are the 2 components of bone matrix? Describe

A

1) Organic (non calcified)matrix (24%)
- found in osteoid
2) Inorganic (calcified) matrix (76%)
- forms crystals composed of needles
- contains hydroxyapatite=major component
- crystals placed at 600-700A interval on collagen

63
Q

X-ray radiation: Factor in Cartilage growth

A

Inhibits or stops cell proliferation

-result in decrease or cessation of growth

64
Q

Lacuna

A

Space in bone matrix around an osteocyte

  • seperates bone from matrix
  • only contains one osteocyte
  • un-mineralized material
65
Q

Sharpeys fibers

A

Collagen fibers from periosteum

  • continuous with collagen fibers of bone
  • found at bone/tendon or ligament jucntion
66
Q

What are the two types of bone in terms of gross anatomy

A

Cancellous (spongy) bone

Compact bone

67
Q

Outercircumferiential lamellae

A

located beneath periosteum

-forms outer most layer of compact bone

68
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Most common type of cartilage

  • forms the embryonic skeleton
  • provides for longitudinal growth of bone
  • fresh cartilage is bluish-white opaque
  • transparent in thin sections
  • TYPE II cartilage
  • covered by perichondrium except at articular surface
69
Q

What cartilage is a Perichondrium not found in?

A

Articular Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

70
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

71
Q

Physical Properties of cartilage tissue is characterized by:

-What gives cartilage these properties?

A

elastic firmness associated with support
-enables the tissue to withstand pressure and shear force

Due to:

  • Organization of fibers and composition of ground substance
  • Avascular
  • lacks nerve and lymphatics
72
Q

Osteomalacia

A

insufficient mineralization of bone matrix

  • usually caused by deficiency of Vitamin D
  • occurs in adults
73
Q

Perichondrium contains:

A
  • Chondrogenic cells
  • Fibroblasts
  • Collagen
  • Ground substance
74
Q

Osteons

A

Haversian system

  • funcitonal unit of bone
  • canal surrounded by layers of concentric lamellae (multiple layers)
75
Q

Chondrocyte

A

completely surround by extracellular matrix

-produces the matrix and metalloproteinse

76
Q

What is the purpose of cytoplasmic processes in osteocytes

A
  • Allow for nutrient transfer from cell to cell

- gap junctions between cytoplasmic processes for communication

77
Q

Which cartilage is more flexible between Hyaline Cartilage and Elastic Cartilage? Why?

A

Elastic cartilage is more flexible than hyaline cartilage due to an abundance of elastic fibers

78
Q

canaliculi

A

tunnels that allow passage of cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes

79
Q

Cartilage Canals

A

3mm

-may have blood vessels carrying blood somewhere else

80
Q

Keratin sulfate

A

Type of GAG

-resists compression

81
Q

What are the 2 molecules that osteoblasts secrete?

A

M-CSF
RANKL
both stimulate osteoclast formation

82
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Type of Cartilage Growth

  • cell division of preexisting chondrocytes
  • occurs during early phases of cartilage formation
83
Q

Cancellous Bone

A

(spongy bone)

  • trabeculae or spicules lined by endosteum
  • reduces the overall weight of bone
  • provides room for blood vessels and a place for marrow to function as a hemopoietic compartment
  • contains osteoid
84
Q

Osteoid

A

Made by osteoblasts

  • extracellular material
  • nonmineralized
85
Q

Isogenous Groups

A

Groups of 2-5 chondrocytes

  • derived from a single progenitor cell
  • contribute to interstitial growth
86
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Vascular
  • Innervated
  • dense fibrous CT
  • covers external surface of bone
87
Q

What is another name for compact bone?

A

Cortical Bone

88
Q

Bone Matrix

A

AKA calcified matrix
Avascular
-intercellular calcified material

89
Q

What does Compact bone contain

A 
Osteons
Haversion canal
OSteocytes
Canaliculi
Lamellae
Cement line
Lamellar matrix alternates orientation to strengthen
90
Q

Osteocyte

A

Mature

  • isolated
  • synthetically inactive, doesn’t make osteoid
  • unable to divide
  • Stellate cell body
  • Cytoplasmic Processes
91
Q

Calcitonin: Osteoclast

A

Directly inhibits osteoclast activity

-reduces bone reabsorption

92
Q

Bone spicule

A

AKA trabecula

-surround by red marrow-(site of RBC formation) or yellow marrow (site of fat cell formation)

93
Q

Mature cartilage

A

=Chondrocytes

  • Made of isogenous groups
  • 2 to 5 cells per group
94
Q

What are cartilage and bone composed of:

A

Like CT proper composed of:

-cells, fibers, and ground substant

95
Q

What is the hardest tissue in the body?

A

Bone, and forms the main constituent of the adult skeleton

Histology (20 decks)

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