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Cartilage & Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Protein and Mineral deficiencies: Factor in Cartilage Growth

A

Decrease in Growth

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2
Q

Mixed spicule

A

contains both calcified cartilage and bone

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3
Q

Lacunae

A

Cavities in the cartilage matrix that contain individual chondrocytes

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4
Q

What does osteoclast activity create?

A

Howship Lacunae

  • area of bone resorption
  • depression in matrix
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5
Q

Vit D deficiency: Factor in Cartilage Growth

A

abnormal growth because Vitamin D is needed for calcium absorption

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6
Q

Interstitial material of all cartilage

A

very hydrate- 60-80% by weight

1) Collagenous Fibers=Type II cartilage
2) Elastic Fibers= amorphous
3) Ground substance (GAGs)-3types
- Condroitin
- Keratan sulfate
- hyaluronic acid

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7
Q

Where is elastic cartilage located?

A

external ear

  • auditory tube
  • epiglottis
  • cartilage of larynx
  • septum of alveoli
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8
Q

Osseous Tissue

-general morphology

A

Differentiated and specialized for supporting weight

  • dynamic
  • continuously reorganized
  • highly vascular (VS cartilage is avascular)
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9
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage in the body?

A

1) Hyaline
2) Elastic
3) Fibrous

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10
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Type of Cartilage Growth

  • growth at the surface
  • proliferatin of chondrogenic cells into chondroblasts
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11
Q

Osteoclast

A

large, multinucleate cells

  • rough edges
  • eats bone
  • contains ruffled border to increase surface area
  • cytoplasmic processes and microvilli
  • uses ameboid movement (motile)
  • secretes lysosomes
  • derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage
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12
Q

How does the interterritorial matrix stain?

A

Poorly

-more acidophilic compared to territorial matrix

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13
Q

Where is cancellous bone found?

A

inner core of bones
-between the inner and outer table so the skull
epiphyses of long bones

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14
Q

Osteoporosis

A

can be due to increase osteoclastic function

  • dense, heavy and brittle bones
  • osteoclasts lack ruffled borders
  • bone resorption defective
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15
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

firm support with tensile strength

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16
Q

Parathyroid Hormone: osteoclast

A

Indirectly increases osteoclast activity by:

  • Osteoclasts product cytokine called osteoclast stimulated hormone
  • increases bone reabsorption
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17
Q

Interterritorial Matrix

A

In between isogenous groups

-contains more collagen fibers than territorial matrix

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18
Q

Organic matrix of bone matrix contains:

A

Type I collagen

  • nonmineralized ground substance
  • y-carboxglutamate contain phosphoproteins
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19
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Matrix fibers are collagenous and elastic in nature

-contains elastic fibers, type II Collagen, perichondrium

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20
Q

Perichondrium

-general characteristics

A
  • a covering on all cartilage except articular cartilage and fibrocartilage
  • Vascular
  • inervated
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21
Q

T or F: Cartilage Tissue is avascular

A

True

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22
Q

Territorial matrix

A
  • surrounds isogenous group
  • contains more ground substance than capsule
  • metachromatic-Chondroitin sulfate
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23
Q

Tendon

A

Muscle to Bone

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24
Q

Factors influencing cartilage:

A

1) Protein and mineral deficiencies
2) Vitamin C deficiency
3) Vitamin D deficiency
4) X-ray radiation inhibits or stops cell proliferation
5) Growth Hormone and Thyroxine required for normal growth

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25
Cancellous Bone: Endosteum
- 1 cell layer thick - made of active and inactive osteoblasts - lines the spicules
26
Haversion canal contains:
blood vessels - capillaries - venules - arterioles - nerves
27
Cartilage and Bone | -General Considerations
Specialized types of CT | -bear weight and give rigidity
28
What determines different cartilage types?
composition of the matrix
29
How do capsules stain?
Dark, basophilic stain
30
What is the function of elastic cartilage?
Flexible support
31
Fibrocartilage
Lacks perichondrium, so growth depends on interstitial growth - Contains few chondrocytes arranged in columns or rows - acts as a transition tissue between hyaline cartilage, bone, and fibrous tissue - coarse bundles of type I cartilage arranged in a herring patter - also contains Type II cartilage
32
Capsule
Pericellular Matrix | -located immediately around the chondrocytes
33
Cement line
No organic matrix-where lamellae touch
34
What are the 2 types of cartilage growth? | -one thing in common
1) Appositional growth 2) Interstitial Growth In Both synthesis of matrix contributions to growth of cartilage
35
Ligament
Bone to Bone
36
Osteoblast
Can proliferate - immature - synthetically active cell - synthesizes organic components of matrix called OSTEOID - releases vesicles containing alkaline phosphatase (ossified osteoid, immature bone and cartilage) - Becomes active osteocyte
37
How does cartilage derive its nutrients when developing?
derived by diffusion rom capillaries and tissue fluids | -remember in developing cartilage capillaries are not uncommon
38
Structures outside the osteon in Compact bone | -describe
1) Innercirumferential lamellae 2) Endosteum->covers inner circumference of lammelae 3) Interstitial lamellae-between osteons 4) Outer circumferential lammellae 5) Volkmann's canal
39
Whats another name for spongy bone
Cancellous bone
40
Which type of cartilage has the widest distribution?
Hyaline
41
Metachromatic
Chondroitin sulfate
42
Inorganic matrix of bone matrix contains:
Carbonate - Citrate - Mg2+ - Trace heavy metal
43
What is another name for bone?
Osseous tissue
44
What do cartilage and bone originate embryologically?
Mesenchyme tissue
45
Metalloproteinase
Enzyme produced by chondrocytes | -degrades cartilage material allowing cells to reposition themselves
46
Vit C deficiency: Factor in cartilage growth
Decreases in growth due to inadequate collagen synthesis | -Scurvy
47
What are the functions of bone?
- Protection - support - blood cell formation - serves as sites of attachment for skeletal muscle
48
Developing Cartilage
- Proiliferation of chondrocytes within cartilage | - rationale for isogenous groups
49
Chondroblast
Spindle Shaped | -synthesize and deposit cartilage
50
Canaliculi
connect lacuna to lacuna | -contain capillaries
51
Volkmann's canal
perpendicular to Haversian canal | -connects 2 Haversian canals
52
Where is Hyaline Cartilage located?
respiratory passages - ventral ends of ribs - bone surfaces within joints (articular cartilage)
53
Osteoclasts vs Osteoblasts with age
Osteoclasts are more active with age - results in loss of bone mass - in postmenopause women due to loss of estradiol osteoclast activity accelerates
54
Where is fibrocartilage located?
Intervertebral discs - pubic symphysis - lines tendon grooves - at insertion of tendons and ligaments to bone
55
Endosteum
Covers inner surface of bone | -represents boundary between the bone matrix and marrow cavities
56
Inner circumferential lamellae
located beneath endosteum | -forms innermost layer of compact bone
57
How is osseous tissue classified?
Compact or spongy (cancellous) | -Based on density or mass of the tissue
58
What does the periosteum contain
- Osteogenic cells - Fibroblasts - Collagen - Ground substance
59
Cartilage tissue contains nerves and lymphatics
False | Cartilage tissue lacks nerve and lymphatics
60
Proliferation defintion
rapid increase in numbers
61
How does the territorial matrix stain?
Basophilic
62
What are the 2 components of bone matrix? Describe
1) Organic (non calcified)matrix (24%) - found in osteoid 2) Inorganic (calcified) matrix (76%) - forms crystals composed of needles - contains hydroxyapatite=major component - crystals placed at 600-700A interval on collagen
63
X-ray radiation: Factor in Cartilage growth
Inhibits or stops cell proliferation | -result in decrease or cessation of growth
64
Lacuna
Space in bone matrix around an osteocyte - seperates bone from matrix - only contains one osteocyte - un-mineralized material
65
Sharpeys fibers
Collagen fibers from periosteum - continuous with collagen fibers of bone - found at bone/tendon or ligament jucntion
66
What are the two types of bone in terms of gross anatomy
Cancellous (spongy) bone | Compact bone
67
Outercircumferiential lamellae
located beneath periosteum | -forms outer most layer of compact bone
68
Hyaline Cartilage
Most common type of cartilage - forms the embryonic skeleton - provides for longitudinal growth of bone - fresh cartilage is bluish-white opaque - transparent in thin sections - TYPE II cartilage - covered by perichondrium except at articular surface
69
What cartilage is a Perichondrium not found in?
Articular Cartilage | Fibrocartilage
70
What is the most common type of cartilage?
Hyaline
71
Physical Properties of cartilage tissue is characterized by: | -What gives cartilage these properties?
elastic firmness associated with support -enables the tissue to withstand pressure and shear force Due to: - Organization of fibers and composition of ground substance - Avascular - lacks nerve and lymphatics
72
Osteomalacia
insufficient mineralization of bone matrix - usually caused by deficiency of Vitamin D - occurs in adults
73
Perichondrium contains:
- Chondrogenic cells - Fibroblasts - Collagen - Ground substance
74
Osteons
Haversian system - funcitonal unit of bone - canal surrounded by layers of concentric lamellae (multiple layers)
75
Chondrocyte
completely surround by extracellular matrix | -produces the matrix and metalloproteinse
76
What is the purpose of cytoplasmic processes in osteocytes
- Allow for nutrient transfer from cell to cell | - gap junctions between cytoplasmic processes for communication
77
Which cartilage is more flexible between Hyaline Cartilage and Elastic Cartilage? Why?
Elastic cartilage is more flexible than hyaline cartilage due to an abundance of elastic fibers
78
canaliculi
tunnels that allow passage of cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes
79
Cartilage Canals
3mm | -may have blood vessels carrying blood somewhere else
80
Keratin sulfate
Type of GAG | -resists compression
81
What are the 2 molecules that osteoblasts secrete?
M-CSF RANKL both stimulate osteoclast formation
82
Interstitial growth
Type of Cartilage Growth - cell division of preexisting chondrocytes - occurs during early phases of cartilage formation
83
Cancellous Bone
(spongy bone) - trabeculae or spicules lined by endosteum - reduces the overall weight of bone - provides room for blood vessels and a place for marrow to function as a hemopoietic compartment - contains osteoid
84
Osteoid
Made by osteoblasts - extracellular material - nonmineralized
85
Isogenous Groups
Groups of 2-5 chondrocytes - derived from a single progenitor cell - contribute to interstitial growth
86
Periosteum
- Vascular - Innervated - dense fibrous CT - covers external surface of bone
87
What is another name for compact bone?
Cortical Bone
88
Bone Matrix
AKA calcified matrix Avascular -intercellular calcified material
89
What does Compact bone contain
``` Osteons Haversion canal OSteocytes Canaliculi Lamellae Cement line Lamellar matrix alternates orientation to strengthen ```
90
Osteocyte
Mature - isolated - synthetically inactive, doesn't make osteoid - unable to divide - Stellate cell body - Cytoplasmic Processes
91
Calcitonin: Osteoclast
Directly inhibits osteoclast activity | -reduces bone reabsorption
92
Bone spicule
AKA trabecula | -surround by red marrow-(site of RBC formation) or yellow marrow (site of fat cell formation)
93
Mature cartilage
=Chondrocytes - Made of isogenous groups - 2 to 5 cells per group
94
What are cartilage and bone composed of:
Like CT proper composed of: | -cells, fibers, and ground substant
95
What is the hardest tissue in the body?
Bone, and forms the main constituent of the adult skeleton

Histology (20 decks)

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