Connective Tissue: Quilt Flashcards
Connective Tissue
Provides and maintains form in the body
- binds and connects cells to cells
- helps organize organs
What are the 3 structures the form connective tissue?
- Cells
- Fibers
- Ground Substance
Specialized Connective Tissue
Semirigid to rigid tissue consisting of cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, and blood cells
What type of CT can be characterized as areolar and reticular? (loose or dense)
Loose
T or F: Dense CT is generalized as regular and irregular
True
What tissue type does blood belong to?
Connective tissue
What are the two types of Connective Tissue? (not the loose/dense classification)
Fixed and Mobile
What is more vascular? (CT Proper or epithelium)
CT proper
What is highly cellular and always contain a free surface? (CT proper or epithelium)
Epithelium
T or F: CT proper is avascular and contains a variable amount of inter and extracellular material.
False
T or F: CT proper contains non polar cell membranes, while epithelium is generally polar.
True
Which embryonic germ layer is connective tissue derived from?
Mesoderm
Another name for fat cell
adipocyte
Hematopoietic stem cells
cells destined to become various types of blood cells
Collagen
The most abundant protein the human body
How many types of collagen are there?
more than 25
What are the 2 components of the extracellular Connective Tissue?
Fibers and ground substance
T or F: Collagen is a glycoprotein component of extracellular CT
True
T or F: Types I, II, and III collagen are non-fibril forming
False
Vitamin C
Cofactor of proline hydroxyls for collagen formation
Scurvy
Disease resulting from the degeneration of CT
- more pronounced in areas where collagen renewal takes place at a faster rate
- ulceration of gums, teeth loss, hemorrhages
T or F: scurvy is a result of defective collagen due to the lack of Vitamin C
True
What are the fiber-forming types of collagen?
Type I, II, and III
Stroma
general term for connective tissue of any organ
Which type of collagen is uniformly distributed throughout the Connective tissue stroma?
Type V
T or F: Collagen type III accounts for 90% of body collagen
False
What is the most abundant type of body collagen?
Type I
Which type of collagen provides resistance to force, tension, and stretch?
Type I
Which type of collagen is located in cartilage, notochord, and intervertebral discs?
Type II
T or F: Type III collagen is responsible for structural support and filtration
False
What type of collagen is located in the connective tissue of the skin, bone, tendon, ligaments, dentin, sclera, fascia, and organ capsules?
Type I
T or F: Type I collagen provides resistance to pressure
False
Which type of fiber forming collagen is located in the CT of organs, smooth muscle, endometrium, blood vessels, and fetal skin?
Type III
Type IV collagen
Collagen of the basal lamina of epithelial and endothelial cells, kidney glomeruli, and lens capsules
T or F: Type IV collagen provides resistance to pressure in cartilage
False
Reticular Fibers
collagen like fibers produced by smooth muscles, fibroblasts, Schwann cells and reticular cells
Fibers with a small diameter and loose disposition
-help create a flexible network in organs that are subjected to changes in volume/form
Which type of collagen makes up collagen fibers?
Type I
T or F: collagen fibers function as strong inelastic yet flexible support.
true
T or F: reticular fibers are composed of collagen fibrils
true
T or F: Like collagen fibers, reticular fibers are usually composed of type I collagen
False
Due to more ___ attached to reticular fibers, PAS stain is best.
Glycoprotein
Collagenopathies
diseases caused by the deficient or abnormality in production of specific collagen types
Elastic fibers
non-collagen fibers produced by fibroblasts, smooth muscle, and chondrocytes with a thinner diameter compared to collagen
Which elastic fiber contains a small amount of hydroxylated Pro and Lys unlike collagen?
Elastin
Elastin and collagen both contain which amino acids in relative abundance?
Gly and Pro
T or F: Microfibrils and microfilaments are basically the same.
False
Which glycoprotein does microfibrils have in high levels?
Fibrillin
What forms a sheath around elastin?
Microfibrils
Marfan’s syndrome
Autosomal dominant disorder due to a defective fibrillin gene
What is the long standing concern of Marfan’s syndrome?
Aortic dissection
A patient presents with abnormally long bones, eye lungs in an improper place, abnormal joints, and weakened blood vessels. what disorder could he/she have?
Marfan’s Syndrome
What is the goo/jello component of CT?
ground substance
Edema
another term for swelling
What serves as a medium for the diffusion of gases, nutrient material and metabolic products from blood vessels to tissue in ground substance?
Water
What quality of ground substance allows it to be found between cells and fibers- a colloid of variable viscosity?
Amorphous
What occurs as a result of fluid accumulation within CT at sites of injury?
Edema (swelling)
T or F: Edema, in part, facilitates the invasion of lymphoid/immune cells at sites of injury
True
T or F: Ground substance is insoluble in reagents used in tissue processing and is seen in ordinary preparations
False
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
very long, unbranched polysaccharide chain (70+) that can be sulfated-provide rigidity
- Hydrophilic
- carries negative charge that attracts Na+ in CT proper ground substance
What is the size of hyaluronic acid?
1 kDa
hyaluronic acid
major component of CT proper ground substance that is very rigid and serves as a lubricant in joint fluid by protecting from compression
What defines the physical characteristics of non-sulfated GAG?
hyaluronic acid
Which type of GAG doesn’t contain hyaluronic acid? (sulfated or non sulfated)
sulfated
How large are sulfated GAGs?
10-40 Da
T or F: Heparin, heparan, and keratin are few examples of sulfated GAGs.
False
What has a 3D structure similar to a test tube brush?
Proteoglycan
Proteoglycan
GAG + core protein
Which two sulfated GAGs are present in a proteoglycan subunit?
Keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate
Proteoglycan aggregate
proteoglycan + hyaluronic acid core
Degradation of proteoglycans is carried out in several cell types and depends on the presence of several ___.
Lysosomal enzymes
A lack of ___ causes diseases like Hurler syndrome, Hunter syndrome, Sanfilippo Syndrome, and Morquio Syndrome.
Hydrolases
Fibroblast
cells actively synthesizing extracellular material like collagen and reticular fibers
During which stage of activity does a fibroblast become a fibrocyte?
quiescent
Most common cell type in CT
Fibroblast
What cytoplasmic structure(s) cause fibroblasts to stain basophilic?
ribosomes and RER
T or F: Fibroblasts contain many mitochondria and well developed Golgi.
True
Fibroblast nuclei stain light basophilic because of the abundance of ___.
Euchromatin
What shape are fibroblast nuclei?
oval
Fibrocyte
Inactive Fibroblast
In what shape are fibrocyte nuclei?
spindle
Fibrocyte nuclei are dark staining because of abundant ___.
heterochromatin
T or F: Fibrocyte nuclei are easy to visualize.
False
Fibrocytes have ___ ribosomes, RER, golgi, and mitochondria.
Few
Fibrocytes have (more/less) cell processes compared to fibroblasts.
Less
Myofibroblast
cell that displays characteristics of fibroblast and smooth muscle cells
T or F: Myofibroblasts usually exist as an isolated cell
True
Myofibroblasts are implicated in ___.
Wound contraction
Myofibroblasts are characterized by bundles of ___.
actin filaments
T or F: When tissue is destroyed by inflammation or trauma, these sites of destruction are replaced by native cells.
false
Which main CT cell type is involved in scar formation?
fibroblast
Keloid formation
local swelling caused by abnormal amounts of collagen production
Keloid Formation is most common in people of ___ decent.
African
Which type of loose CT has a random placement of cell with more ground substance than cells by volume?
areolar
T or F: Areolar loose CT is important fo the diffusion of O2 and nutrients from small vessels.
true
Areolar loose CT surrounds ___ vessels.
small
__ CT is the site of inflammatory response and edema like allergic or immune reactions.
Areolar
T or F: Reticular CT is the initial site of bacteria or virus breach from blood vessels.
False
Which form of CT proper do immune cells (mast, plasma, T and B cells, etc.) reside in?
Loose areolar
T or F: Loose areolar CT has a gel-like consistency.
true
T or F: Loose reticular CT serves as a scaffold for organs because of its many reticular fibers
True
__ Cells are found in most organs and serve as the scaffolding for organ specific cells
Reticular
Parenchyma
cells characteristic of specific organ
T or F: Dense regular CT is often found in skin and capsules of organs.
False
Where is dense regular CT normally found?
tendons and ligaments
What connects muscle to bone?
tendon
What connects bone to bone?
ligament
Where is dense irregular CT found?
skin and capsules of organs
T or F: Dense regular and irregular CT both contain fibroblasts, collagen fibers, elastic fibers and blood borne cells.
true
What type of CT proper has an orderly, parallel fiber bundle orientation that can be wavy?
dense regular
Another name for fat cells
adipocytes
Adipocytes
cells that store lipids as lipid droplets
What are the two types of adipocytes?
Multilocular and unilocular
Which adipocyte type is most commonly referred to as “Brown fat”?
multiocular
Which adipocyte type is most commonly referred to as “white fat”?
Unilocular
T or F: Unilocular adipose is present mostly in fetus and newborns.
false
T or F: White fat gradually decreases with age.
false
__ have a high surface to mass ratio with significant heat loss.
Newborns
Which adipose type contains multiple inclusions?
multilocular
T or F: Brown fat has multiple inclusions that are membrane bound.
false
T or F: Brown fat may be found in the perirenal or axill/neck regions in adults.
True
T or F: Brown fat is highly vascular, white fat is not.
fat
What is the primary function of multilocular adipose CT?
thermogenesis
T or F: Brown fat has many mitochondria.
true
Brown fat mitochondria lack __ on the inner membrane, makes it unique.
respiratory assembly
T or F: Brown fat mitochondria makes tons of ATP.
false
Brown fat mitochondria generate ___.
heat
Which adipose CT contains eccentric, spherical nuclei? *(unilocular or multilocular)
multilocular
T or F: Both brown and white fat contain reticular and collagen fibers.
true
T or F: Unilocular adipose contains a single, membrane bound inclusion
False
What is the primary function of white fat?
caloric energy storage
Unilocular inclusions can be up to ___ um and larger
100
White fat contains ___ mitochondria.
normal
Leukocytes
White Blood cells
-transient visitors of CT proper
Leukocytes
cells that orginate from blood and lymph stream
Lymphocytes
leukocytes primarily involved in immune responses
What leukocytes are natural kill cells (B and T cells)?
Lymphocytes
Which cells are the first to arrive at the site of tissue injury?
neutrophils
Neutrophils have ___ action that allows them to engulf bacteria, foreign substances and damaged tissue.
phagocytic
What leukocyte type make up yellow exudate (pus)?
neutrophils
__ produce antihistamine in response to allergic reactions/inflammation.
eosinophils
T or F: Neutrophils counter act histamine activity to modulate inflammatory response.
False
What cell type is found in high numbers in response to parasitic invasion?
Eosinophils
What serves as the leading edge (active phagocyte) in response to infection/injury?
macrophages
T or F: Macrophages have a well developed RER, Golgi, mitochondria, and lysosomes.
True
Macrophages are derived from __ circulating in the blood.
Monocytes
Macrophages can act as __ present cells.
antigen
Macrophages
Cytoplasmic inclusions contain secondary lysosomes
T or F: Plasma cells digest and secrete pyrogen, interferons, elastase, collagenases and proteases.
False
T or F: Pyrogen increases heat and leads to fever.
True
Are plasma cells numerous under normal conditions?
no
Plasma cells
cells characterized by a heterochromatin cartwheel shaped nucleus
What is located in the clear area in plasma cells?
golgi
Plasma cells are formed from __.
B cell lymphocytes
T or F: Plasma cells can be found in some number in alimentary mucous membranes.
True
Mast Cells
Widely distributed cells of CT
- abundant along small blood vessels
- contain cytoplasmic granules with histamine and heparin
Histamine
increases permeability of blood vessels, allowing antibodies to move
Heparin
blood anticoagulant
What is Dr. Weeks Favorite Cell type?
MAST CELLS
Mast cells are (Fixed/mobile) CT cells
mobile
