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Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

a mass of protoplasm limited in space by a membrane

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2
Q

Protoplasm

A

“living matter” composed of cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

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3
Q

Organelles

A

Little Organs

  • have membranes
  • perform specific energy requiring functions
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4
Q

Inclusions

A

Storage components
DO NOT PERFORM energy requiring functions
-ex: glycogen
-no membrane
-sometimes scaffolds for other functions
-primarily found in the cytoplasm, some found in nucleus

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5
Q

Cell membrane

A

Called plasmalemma or Plasma membrane

  • selective barrier between the environment and cytoplasm
  • Trilaminar structure due to phospholipids
  • Hydrophobic=Fatty acids
  • Hydrophilic polar head groups
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6
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Not rigid

-proteins and lipids can move around

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7
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Cell coat
-carbohydrates that extend from cell membrane

made from either:

  • Glycoproteins-protein in the external face of plasma membrane
  • glycolipids-phosphlipid molecules
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8
Q

Plasma Membrane: Globular Proteins

A

move around and spin within the plasma membrane

-ion channels, pumps, receptors, transducers, enzymes

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material

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10
Q

Chromatin

-2 types

A 
Heterochromatin
-Dense coiled DNA
-Dark staining on EM
-Basophilic (Stains blue) on LM
-Found in 3 locations 
1 Margina Chromatin
2. Karyosomes
3. Nucleolar associated chromatin

Euchromatin

  • uncoiled DNA more active
  • lighter staining on EM
  • unstained on LM
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11
Q

Nucleolus

A

site of rRNA synthesis

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12
Q

Nuclear Cytoskeleton

A

Nuclear Lamina: intermediate filament proteins

  • serve as scaffolding for nuclear components
  • is made of lamins (protein)
  • about 10 nm thick
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13
Q

Lamins

A

lie between nuclear membrane and marginal heterochromatin

-disassemble due to mitosis and reassemble after

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14
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

allow passage of mRNA into cytoplasm

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15
Q

Ribosomes

A

made of rRNA and protein

  • involved in translation
  • large and small subunits come together to form ribosomes
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16
Q

Riboproteins

A

involved in binding of subunits to form ribosomes

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17
Q

Classification of ribosomes

A

Free

  • located in cytoplasm
  • proteins may stay in the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum bound

  • extracellular protein synthesis
  • proteins produces are integral plasma membrane proteins or secreted
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18
Q

Intracellular Protein Synthesis

A

occurs on free polyribosomes

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19
Q

Extracellular Protein Synthesis

A
  • occurs on ribosomes bound to ER

- includs proteins bound for membrane

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20
Q

Nascent protein

A

New/baby

-not yet a protein-needs modifications

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21
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

-function

A

Studded with ribosomes
Function
protein synthesis for insertion into membrane or export/secretion -
-once synthesized protein travels to Golgi via vesicles

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22
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Contains no ribosomes/no protein synthesis

Function:
synthesis of steroid hormones, glycogen, lipid synthesis
-HCL formation (gut)
-Ca2+ stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (muscle
-drug detoxification

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23
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum Specialization

A

SER in liver cells

  • Hepatocytes in Liver well developed for detoxification
  • Increased SER mean increased detox due to alcohol poisoning or drug abuse

Detox Enzymes:
-related to cytochrome 450 (p450)

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24
Q

Protein movement from ER to Golgi

A

Protein movement is bidirectional

  • COPs tell them where to go
  • COPs attached to each vesicle

Transfer vesicles move from RER to forming face of GOLGI

  • carbohydrates are added to form glycoproteins
  • then packaged into secretory granules for cellular export
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25
COP
involved in transport of proteins after synthesis from ER to golgi Coatomer protein -COP1-retrograde G-> ER -COP2- anterograde ER->G
26
Golgi Apparatus
Site of protein modification | -Produces glycocalyx for integral membrane proteins
27
Coatomer protein
COP | protein coated vesicle that moves proteins between RER and gouge
28
Lysosomes
formed at the golgi - membrane bound - contain hydrolytic enzymes used for digestion of extracellular or intracellular components - custom made for different cell types by containing different enzymes
29
Function of Lysosomes
1. Breakdown of cell constituents 2. Cell remodeling 3. Normal turnover of organelles/macromolecules 4. Breakdown of bacteria and viruses
30
Primary Lysosomes
Newly formed - not yet digesting material - light on EM
31
Secondary Lysosomes
Actively digesting | -dark/opaque on EM
32
Lysosomes various enzymes
1. Proteases-proteins 2. Nucleases-nucleic acids 3. Glycosidases- polysaccharides 4. Lipases-lipids 5. Phosphatases- organic linked phosphates
33
Tay Sachs
Lipid metabolism defect - autosomal recessive trait - missing enzyme=hexosaminidase Gangliosides accumulate in neural tissue causing retardation and childhood death
34
Hexosaminidase
Found in lysosome | -used for splitting off hexose from a ganglioside
35
Ganglioside
complex form of a glycolipid found in gray matter cells in CNS
36
Peroxisomes
contain oxidative enzymes (catalase) that breaks down H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
37
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
Toxic to cells | -causes free radical formation, which cross link proteins making them nonfunctional
38
Mitochondria
Provide energy for the cell in the form of ATP - contain their own Circular DNA and ribosomes for self replication - No ER=free ribosomes - contain Cristae Function: - ATP production - calcium sink - heat production (brown fat)
39
Where does the Citric acid cycle occur?
Matrix of the mitochondria
40
Cytoskeleton
Nonmembrane found organelles: 1. Microtubules (MT) 2. Intermediate Filaments (IF) 3. Microfilaments (MF)
41
Microtubules
Type of cytoskeleton - protein polymer made of tubulin subunits-alpha and beta subunit - Tubulin polymerize to form a microtubule - reversible polymerization-dependent on ATP, pH, Ca2+ conc. - can change length depending on physiological conditions in the cell=DYNAMIC - present in all cells - line up to form spindle fibers in mitosis
42
MAPs
Microtubule Associated Proteins - Link Microtubules (MT) to other cytoskeletal components and organelles - associated with vesicle and organelle movement - help stabilize Mirotubules (MT) in cilia and Flagella
43
Function of Microtubules
1. Provide physical support for cells via cytoskeleton 2. Chromosome movement during cell division-involved with ciliary movement 3. Intracellular transport of secretory products 4. Involved with cell division
44
Intermediate filaments
Not hollow protein polymer - relativley stable compared to MT or MF - all cells contain some type of intermediate filament
45
Function of Intermediate Filaments
Structural
46
What are the four major families of intermediate filaments
1. Keratins-found in epithelial cells, tough=finger nails hair etc 2. Vimentin and Vimentin like intermediate filaments: Not found in all cells - Most widely distributed IF in the body 3. neurofilaments: found only in neurons 4. Lamins: found in all nucleated cells
47
Microfilaments
protein polymer present in call cells 2 Basic types: Actin and Mysoin
48
Microfilaments Function
1. Contraction-cellular movement 2. Cytokinesis-pinching of cell division 3. Endocytosis 4. Ameboid movement 5. Structural support
49
Centrioles
Made of microtubules -located near the nuclear=2 per cell Structure: short cylinder - microtubules arranged in 9 triplets (9x3) - CCO patter connected by protein ilnks
50
Function of Centrioles
Serve as organizing centers for mitotic spindles during cell divison - migrate to opposite polls of cell - MTOC-microtubule organizing center
51
Cilia
3 portions: 1. Shaft(axoneme): 9x2 + 2MT arrangement - surround by plasmamembrane 2. Basal body: 9x3 MTarrangement like centriole 3. Rootlet: anchors cilia to cytoskeleton
52
Cilia Fumciton
Movement 1. Dynein arms cause movement - uses energy of ATP to move - found in respiratory tract and oviduct
53
Inclusions: Lipid or fat
May or may not be membrane bound
54
Inclusions: Glycogen
B glycogen: single subunit, 2x size of ribosome | alpha glycogen: cluster of beta glycoen
55
Inclusions: Residual Body
Tertiary Lysosome | Ex: Lipofuscin-accumulates with age
56
Microvilli
AKA striated border, brush border - regular or irregular finger like projections that are extensions of the plasma membrane - contain Villin-anchor found at tip - contain actin filaments, fascinating, fibrin, and myosin I - Have a TERMINAL WEB with SPECTRIN (ANCHORD), myosin II, tropomyosin - Actin keeps MV rigid and discrete NO MICROTUBULES in microvilli
57
Function of microvilli
increase surface area for exchange of material in the cell | -aid in absorption
58
Stereocilia
VERY LONG MICROVILLI - found in sensory organs of the ear and male reproduction systems - ARE NOT CILIA
59
Epithelia cells
cells that cover a free surface or line a tube or cavity
60
3 types of cell junctions
1. Tight Junction=zonula occludens 2. Belt Desmosome= zonula adherens 3. Desmosome=macula adherens/spot desmosome
61
Tight Junction
AKA zonula occludens - connect epithelial cell to epithelial cell - membranes are in direct contact Function: - makes tight seal between cells - prevent material from leaking between cells - not a strong attachment
62
Belt Desmosome
AKA zonula occludens -connects epithelial cell to epithelial cell Contain: - microfilament=actin - dense cytoplasmic material Function: Very strong -keeps cells from being pulled apart
63
Fascia adherens
attachments found between non-epithelial cells - most found in cardiac muscle cells - similar to structure to belt desmosomes
64
Desmosome
AKA macula adherens/spot desmosome -connects cell to cell of all tissue types Contain: - tonofilaments=IF - cytoplasmic plaque - transmembrane linker protein - Central Stratum=Dense intermediate line Functions: For all cells -holds cells together tightly
65
Hemidesmosome
One half of a desmosome -connects epithelia to connective tissue Contains: - tonofilaments - cytoplasmic plaque - linker proteins
66
Gap Junction
Aka nexus junction - the two membranes don't touch - allows for cell to cell communication Made of 6 connexion protein subunits, aligned between adjacent cells Function: - allows for cell to cell communication - involves electrochemical coupling - small peptides can move from cell to cell - move ions (moves charge)
67
Functional Complex
Connects epithelia to epithelia consists of 3 types of junctions 1. Tight Junction 2. Belt desmosome 3. Desmosome
68
Types of endocytosis
1. Phagocytosis 2. Pinocytosis 3. Receptor mediated endocytosis
69
Phagocytosis
AKA clathrin independent and actin dependent endocytosis - used for ingestion of larger particles - involves actin depolymerization and repolymerization - involves cell surface receptor that specifically bind a certain substance
70
Ligand
the specifice substance that binds to receptor | ex: hormone
71
Pinocytosis
Cell Drinking - AKA clathrin independent endocytosis - nonspecific ingestion of material in solution - involves caveolae-uncoated vesicles - DOESN"T INVOLVE RECEPTOR
72
Receptor mediated endocytosis
AKA clathrin dependent endocytosis - specific ingestion of molecules into the cell - coat pit forms - Clathrin Coated vesicles made of triskelions is involved in the invagination and pinching off of the vesicle
73
The fats of the receptor ligand: 4 possibilites
1. The receptor is recycled and ligand degraded 2. The receptor and ligand are recycled 3. The receptor and ligand are degraded 4. The receptor and ligand are transported through the cell
74
Cholesterol
needed for steroid synthesis fo rate plasma membrane compounds
75
HDL
high density lipoprotein - carry cholesterol to the liver for disposal - cholesterol ends up in the bile
76
LDL | -what does name mean
low density lipoprotein

Histology (20 decks)

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