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Histo > Nervous tissue > Flashcards

Nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting cells for neurons

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2
Q

CNS is derived from the ___.

A

Neural tube

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3
Q

CNS components

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Each neuron is identical. T/F

A

False, they are all unique

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5
Q

Adult neurons are ___>

A

Post-mitotic

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6
Q

Neurons comprise the smallest and largest cells of the body. T/F

A

True

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7
Q

Morphological classification of neurons

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar / pseudopolar

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8
Q

What is the most common type of morphological neuron?

A

Multipolar (motor and interneurons)

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9
Q

What morphological neuron is associated with receptors for special sense?

A

Bipolar neurons

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10
Q

Where are unipolar / pseudopolar neurons located?

A

Sensory neurons in spinal and cranial ganglia

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11
Q

Functional classification of neurons

A

Sensory
Interneurons
Motor

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12
Q

What is the dominant organelle in the cell body of neurons?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

What is the dominant organization of DNA in the nucleus of neurons?

A

Euchromatin

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14
Q

What are the prominent organelles in the cell body of neurons?

A

rER, Golgi, many mitochondria, Nissl bodies, neurofilaments and microtubules, lipofuscin granules

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15
Q

Cell bodies are also referred to as ___ or ___.

A

Perikaryon, soma

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16
Q

Nissl bodies

A

Basophilic ribosomes and rER

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17
Q

Proximal vs. distal characteristics of dendrites

A

Proximal: same as perikaryon

Distal: No Golgi, less Nissl bodies, more MTs

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18
Q

Dendritic spines

A

Small extensions of dendrites that increase receptor surface area

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19
Q

Axoplasm characterisitcs

A

Abundant cytoskeleton (neurofilaments / MTs), no ribosomes / rER (Nissl)

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20
Q

Neurofibrils

A

Clusters of neurofilaments and microtubules

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21
Q

___ transmit stimuli towards the soma.

A

Dendrites

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22
Q

Dendrites have a uniform diameter. T/F

A

False, they are tapered

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23
Q

Does the axon hillock contain organelles?

A

No

No Nissl

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24
Q

Where is the AP generated?

A

The initial segment of the axon

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25
Q

The axoplasm is limited by the ___.

A

Axolemma

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26
Q

Axon characterisitcs

A

Mitochondria
No Golgi / rER / ribosomes
Lots of neurofilaments and microtubules

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27
Q

___ have rough surfaces (spines) while ___ have smooth surfaces.

A

Dendrites, axons

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28
Q

Are dendrites myelinated?

A

No

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29
Q

___ mediates anterograde transport.

A

Kinesin

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30
Q

___ mediates retrograde transport.

A

Dynein

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31
Q

Retrograde transport goes from ___ and ___ to ___.

A

Axon terminals, dendrites, perikaryon

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32
Q

Anterograde transport

A

Carries material from perikaryon to periphery

By kinesin

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33
Q

Scwann cells are part of the ___ nervous system.

A

Peripheral

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34
Q

Satellite cells are part of the ___ nervous system.

A

Peripheral

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35
Q

Astrocytes are part of the ___ nervous system.

A

Central

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36
Q

Oligodendrocytes are part of the ___ nervous system.

A

Central

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37
Q

Microglia are part of the ___ nervous system.

A

Central

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38
Q

Ependymal cells are part of the ___ nervous system.

A

Central

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39
Q

Schwann cells

A

Form myelin around axons
PNS
One myelin sheath per cell

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40
Q

Myelin sheath are 80% ___ and ___ and 20% ___.

A

Lipid, cholesterol

Protein

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41
Q

Internodes

A

Myelin sheath between nodes of ranvier

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42
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

AP jumps from node to node

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43
Q

Type A fibers

A

Thick, myelinated, long internodal regions, highest velocity

  • -Alpha: proprioception, somatic motor
  • -Beta: Touch, pressure
  • -Gamma: Motor to spindle
  • -Delta: pain, cold, touch
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44
Q

Type B fibers

A

Thinner myelin and smaller diameter than A fibers, moderate velocity

45
Q

Type C fibers

A

Thinnest, lack myelin, slowest velocity

46
Q

Satellite cells

A

Surround neurons in PNS ganglia, provide electrical insulation and exchange

47
Q

Satellite cells in the ___ function to provide ___ and ___.

A

PNS, electrical insulation, metabolic exchange

48
Q

Neurons are more prevalent than neuroglial cells. T/F

A

False, 10:1 neuroglia to neurons

49
Q

What are the 4 types of neuroglial cells in CNS?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

50
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Produce CNS myelin to insulate / protect axons

Provides multiple myelin sheaths

51
Q

Both Schwann cells and oligodendrytes produce multiple myelin sheaths per cell. T/F

A

False, one schwann cell produces one myelin sheath

52
Q

Microglia

A

Smallest neuroglia, proliferate and become phagocytic in CNS injury / disease

53
Q

What is the smallest neuroglia?

A

Microglia

54
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line ventricles and central canal of spinal cord, ciliated to move CSF

55
Q

The choroid plexus is composed of specialized ___.

A

Ependymal cells

56
Q

What are structural features of ependymal cells?

A
  • -Cuboidal / columnar
  • -Have cilia / microvilli
  • -Small, basally located nucleus
57
Q

Groups of neuronal bodies in the PNS are called ___.

A

Ganglia

58
Q

Bundle of nerve fibers in the CNS are called?

A

Tract

59
Q

Astrocyte

A

Largest neuroglia, proliferate in injury/disease

Functions: form BBB, support, buffering potassium, NTs, synapse formation/efficiency

60
Q

Gray matter

A

Neuronal cell bodies, many unmyelinated fibers, and glia

61
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated fibers and glial cells

62
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Thin layer of grey matter on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres

63
Q

In the spinal cord, the gray matter inside contains ___ and ___.

A

Ventral motor neurons and interneurons

64
Q

In the spinal cord, the white matter inside contains ___.

A

Myelinated fibers

65
Q

In the brain, the white matter is located ___ and the grey matter is located ___.

A

In center

At periphery

66
Q

In the spinal cord, the white matter is located ___ and the grey matter is located ___.

A

Outside

Center (H)

67
Q

What are the functions of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • -Initiation of motor responses
  • -Integration of sensory signals
  • -Consolidation of info into memories
68
Q

The central canal of the spinal cord is a continuation of the ___ of brain and is lined with ___.

A

Ventricles

Ependymal cells

69
Q

The dorsal horns of the spinal cord receive ___ info from ___ axons.

A

Sensory

70
Q

The ventral horns of the spinal cord contain the ___ neurons that send ___ axons to the ventral roots.

A

Motor

71
Q

The ___ horns receive sensory input while the ___ horns send motor output.

A

Dorsal

Ventral

72
Q

Ganglion

A

Collections of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS

73
Q

The sensory axons include ___ sensory neurons and ___ sensory neurons.

A

Visceral (autonomic)

Somatic

74
Q

The motor axons include ___ motor neurons and ___ motor neurons.

A

Visceral (autonomic)

Somatic

75
Q

Autonomic ganglia

A

Motor ganglia where pre/post-ganglionic neurons of ANS synapse (SNS / PSNS ganglia)

Multi-polar cell bodies surrounded by satellite cells

Regulate gland secretion and smooth/cardiac muscle

76
Q

Where are the autonomic ganglia located?

A

Near / in organs they innervate

77
Q

Autonomic ganglia are have ___ cell bodies surrounded by ___ cells.

A

Multipolar

Satellite

78
Q

Sensory (craniospinal) ganglia

A

Sensory ganglia of cranial nerves and dorsal roots of spinal nerves (no synapse in ganglia)

Round, pseudounipolar cell bodies

79
Q

___ ganglia have neuronal clusters while ___ ganglia do not.

A

Sensory

Autonomic

80
Q

___ ganglia have synapses while ___ do not.

A

Autonomic

Sensory

81
Q

Autonomic ganglia have ___ structure with ___ nucleus while sensory ganglia have ___ structure with ___ nucleus.

A

Multipolar, eccentric

Pseudopolar, central

82
Q

Nerves can either sensory or motor, not both. T/F

A

False

83
Q

Epineurium

A

AKA fascia
Covers nerves
Dense irregular CT

84
Q

Connective tissue layers are all formed by ___.

A

Fibroblasts

85
Q

Perineurium

A

Covers each bundle of nerve fibers, divides nerves into fascicles
Inner squamous cells connected by tight junctions, preventing passive movement of macromolecules (blood-nerve barrier)
Irregular CT

86
Q

___ covers bundles of nerve fibers, separating them into ___.

A

Perineurium, fascicles

87
Q

Endoneurium

A

Thin layer of reticular fibers that surrounds individual fibers

88
Q

The epineurium is made of ___.
The perineurium is made of ___.
The endoneurium is made of ___.

A

Dense, irregular CT
Irregular CT
Reticular fibers

89
Q

The perineurium contains ____ on the inner surface. What function does this have?

A

Tight junctions prevent macromolecule passage, form blood-nerve barrier

90
Q

The most common type of nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed?

A

Mixed, with both afferent and efferent fibers

91
Q

In the CNS, the death of neurons is followed by what?

A

Proliferation of neuroglia (ex: astrocytosis)

92
Q

Axons and myelin degenerate ___ in the PNS after axonal transection.

A

Distally

93
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A

Anterograde

Axons and myelin degenerating distally

94
Q

What cleans away debris in degeneration of PNS axons?

A

Schwann cells and macrophages

95
Q

Chromatolysis

A

Dissolution of Nissl substance due to transection of axons

96
Q

The transection of axons leads to the death of neurons. T/F

A

False

97
Q

Nerve degeneration and regeneration in PNS

A
  1. Axons and myelin distal to lesion degenerate (cleared by macrophages)
  2. Schwann cells divide and form endoneurial tube/column attached to effector organ
  3. Axonal stump produces sprouts that enter endoneurial Schwann tube
98
Q

Axonal regeneration in PNS rate is?

A

2-3 mm/day

99
Q

Functional regeneration of axons in the CNS occurs slower than in the PNS. T/F

A

False, it does not occur

100
Q

Nerve degeneration and regeneration in CNS

A
  1. Axons / myelin degenerate (Wallerian), oligodendrocytes die
  2. Microglia can’t remove debris (inhibits axonal growth)
  3. Astrocytes proliferation / hypertrophy, form glial scars which inhibit axonal regeneration
101
Q

Histological features of sensory neurons mediating pain as compared with touch.

A

Touch (type A beta fibers) are larger and have higher velocity than pain neurons (Type C thin, unmyelinated fibers)

102
Q

What neuronal microstructure is associated with old age?

A

Lipofuscin granules (remnants from lysosomes)

103
Q

What is the largest neuroglial cell type?

A

Astrocytes

104
Q

Which neuroglial cell type forms a glial scar? Where?

A

Astrocytes in CNS

105
Q

The phagocytic neuroglia cells in the CNS are?

A

Microglia

106
Q

Sensory neurons morphology

A

Pseudounipolar

Central nucleus, neuronal clusters, no synapses, satellite cells, prominent nucleolus

107
Q

Which membrane has a greater density in neuronal synapse: presynaptic or postsynaptic?

A

Postsynaptic

108
Q

Autonomic neurons morphology

A

Mulitpolar, eccentric nucleus, not clustered, synapses

Histo (10 decks)

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