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Histo > Circulatory > Flashcards

Circulatory Flashcards

1
Q

How many fibrous rings (annulus fibrosus) are there?

A

4

Base of aorta and pulmonary trunk and openings between left and right atria and ventricles

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2
Q

What are the fibrous rings made of?

A

Dense irregular CT

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3
Q

The ___ attach to the fibrous rings.

A

Valves

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4
Q

The ___ connect the fibrous rings.

A

2 fibrous trigones

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5
Q

The membraneous part of the interventricular and interatrial septums is ___.

A

Fibrous

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6
Q

The right and left coronary arteries originate from the ___.

A

Ascending aorta

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7
Q

The cardiac veins drain into the ___ which drains into the ___.

A

Coronary sinus, right atrium

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8
Q

What are the 3 structures in the fibrous skeleton?

A

4 fibrous rings, 2 fibrous trigones, membraneous parts of inter-ventricular/atrial septa

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9
Q

What is the most common type of heart disease?

A

Coronary heart disease

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10
Q

Coronary heart disease is caused by?

A

Plaque buildup in walls of coronary arteries, leads to ischemia and MI

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11
Q

Features of MI repair

A

Day 1: Coagulation necrosis (cell outlines, due to blood loss), wavy fibers, edema

Days 2-3: Neutrophil infiltration

Day 7-10: Macrophage remove necrotic fibers, start of granulation tissue (fibroblasts invade, made of loose CT w/ capillaries)

2 months: Dense collagenous scar

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12
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Middle mediastinum

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13
Q

The epicardium is also known as ___.

A

Visceral layer of serous pericardium

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14
Q

Characteristics of epicardium

A
  • -Single layer of mesothelial cells (simple squamous endothelial)
  • -CT
  • -Adipose tissue
  • -Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels
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15
Q

The pericardial cavity contains ___ and is lined by ___.

A

Serous (pericardial fluid)

Single layer of mesothelial cells

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16
Q

Both the parietal serous pericardium and epicardium have a layer of simple squamous cells. T/F

A

True, both line the pericardial cavity which is lined by mesothelial cells

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17
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

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18
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Excess fluid in pericardial sac, causes pressure

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19
Q

The myocardium of the ventricles is ___ than the atria.

A

Thicker

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20
Q

The myocaridum of the left ventricle is ___ than the right ventricle.

A

Thicker

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21
Q

The myocytes of the atria are ___ compared to the ventricular myocytes.

A

Smaller in diameter

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22
Q

What secretes the serous fluid that fills the pericardial cavity?

A

The mesothelial cells lining the parietal and visceral serous pericardium

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23
Q

The ventricular myocytes have more T-tubules and gap junctions than atrial myocytes. T/F

A

False, atrial myocytes can lack T-tubules, but have more gap junctions

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24
Q

Why can atrial myocytes lack T-tubules?

A

The atrial myocytes are smaller, thus ions/molecules can move easier via gap junctions and T-tubules aren’t needed

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25
Q

What is a unique feature of atrial myocytes?

A

Atrial granules containing diuretic hormones (ANF/BNF)

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26
Q

Features of atrial myocardium

A
  • -Myocytes smaller in diameter
  • -May lack T-tubules
  • -More gap junctions
  • -Specific atrial granules
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27
Q

The myocardium and endocardium is thicker in the ventricles than in the atria. T/F

A

False, the endocardium of the atria is thicker

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28
Q

The endocardium in the atria is ___ compared to the ventricles.

A

Thicker

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29
Q

Order the layers of the endocardium from inner to outer

A

Endothelium, subendothelial CT, middle layer, subendocardium

30
Q

Describe the layers of the endocardium

A

Endothelium - simple squamous epithelium lining chambers and valves

Subendothelial layer - dense elastic and collagen fibers

Middle layer - elastic and collagen fibers and smooth muscle

Subendocardium - continuous with CT of myocardium with blood vessels and nerves, has Purkinje fibers in ventricles

31
Q

What layer is the purkinje fibers found?

A

Subendocardium in ventricles

32
Q

Smooth muscle is found in the ___ of the endocardium.

A

Middle layer

33
Q

The interventricular septum is ___ than the interatrial septum.

A

Thicker

34
Q

___ lines each surface of both septums.

A

Endocardium

35
Q

What are the septa composed of?

A

Cardiac muscle with a membraneous portion of dense CT

Interventricular septum has AV bundle

36
Q

The valves attach to the ___.

A

Annulus fibrosa (dense irregular CT of fibrous rings)

37
Q

Are valves cusps vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

38
Q

Describe the layers of the heart valves

A

Spongiosa - Loose CT, elastic fibers, proteoglycans (associates with water, cushions/dampens vibrations)

Fibrosa - dense irregular CT (extensions of annulus fibrosa)

Ventricularis - dense irregular CT, elastic fibers, covered by endothelium, becomes chordae tendinaea (in AV valves)

39
Q

Which layer of the heart valves functions to dampen vibrations?

A

Spongiosa (proteoglycans associated with water, act as cushion)

40
Q

The ___ of the heart valves is continuous with the chordae tendineae.

A

Ventricularis

41
Q

The core of the heart valves is made of what tissue?

A

Dense irregular CT (extension of fibrous rings)

42
Q

The ventricularis of the heart valves is composed of what tissue?

A

Dense irregular CT and elastic fibers, covered by endothelium

43
Q

The spongiosa is referred to as the ___ in the aortic / pulmonary valves and ___ in the mitral / tricuspid valves.

A

Arterialis, auricularis

44
Q

Regurgitation

A

Backflow from valve not closing tightly

45
Q

Regurgitation is most often due to ___, which mainly affects the ___ valve.

A

Prolapse, mitral valve

46
Q

Prolapse

A

Valve bulges/opens back into upper heart chamber during systole, causes regurgitation

47
Q

Stenosis

A

Flaps of valve stiffen / fuse, preventing the valve from fully opening, decreases blood flow through valve

48
Q

The transverse portion of ICD contains ___ while the longitudinal portion contains ___.

A

Fascia adherens, desmosomes, gap junctions

49
Q

How are the intercalated discs arranged?

A

Step-like with fascia adherens and desmosomes in transverse portion and gap junctions in longitudinal portion

50
Q

Nodal cardiac muscle cells are ___ than the atrial cardiac muscle cells. Why?

A

Smaller, few myofibrils, no ICDs, not for contraction (still have gap junctions)

51
Q

Nodal cardiac muscle cells vs. atrial cardiac muscle cells

A
  • -Smaller
  • -Fewer myofibrils
  • -No ICDs
52
Q

The conduction system of the heart is composed of modified cardiac muscle cells. T/F

A

True

53
Q

Ventricular muscle cells are ___ than cardiac muscle cells of the AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.

A

Smaller

54
Q

Where are purkinje fibers located?

A

Subendocardium of ventricles

55
Q

Purkinje fibers are ___ than ventricular muscle cells. Why?

A

Larger, have large amounts of glycogen and larger nucleus

56
Q

Features of purkinje fibers

A
  • -Myofibrils in periphery of cells
  • -Have ICDs (vary in look/#)
  • -Have lots of glycogen
  • -Larger than ventricular muscle cells, larger nuclei, more resistant to hypoxia
57
Q

Purkinje fibers vs. ventricular myocytes

A

Purkinje are larger, have large nuclei, lots of glycogen, more resistant to hypoxia

58
Q

The purkinje fibers are more resistant to hypoxia/fatigue than ventricular myocytes. Why?

A

They contain lots of glycogen, which acts as energy source

59
Q

Sympathetic innervation on the heart functions to…?

A

Increase HR, force of contraction, dilates coronary arteries

60
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the heart functions to…?

A

Decrease HR and constricts coronary arteries

61
Q

What are the substances that cause a positive chronotropic and inotropic effect on heart?

A

NoEP/EP (SNS), NoEP (medulla), caffeine, thyroid hormones, theophylline, digoxin,

62
Q

What are the substances that cause a negative chronotropic and inotropic effect on heart?

A

ACh (PSNS), propranolol, calcium channel blockers

63
Q

Baroreceptors are located in the ___ and ___.

A

Carotid sinus, aortic arch

64
Q

Baroreceptor function

A

Detect arterial blood pressure

65
Q

Chemoreceptors consist of ___ bodies located in the ___ and ___ bodies located in the ___.

A

Carotid bodies, bifurcation of common carotid arteries

Aortic bodies, aortic arch and right subclavian artery

66
Q

Chemoreceptor function

A

Detect changes in oxygen, CO2, and pH, function in neuronal reflexes that adjusts cardiac output and respiratory rate

67
Q

What structures have both chemoreceptors and baroreceptors?

A

Carotid sinus and aortic arch

68
Q

Volume receptors are located in the ___.

A

Walls of atria and ventricles

69
Q

Volume receptor function

A

Detect cardiac distension, relay to CNS

70
Q

What are the carotid/aortic bodies of chemoreceptors composed of?

A

Modified epithelial cells with both afferent and efferent nerve fibers

71
Q

Why is it important for the chemoreceptors to have both afferent and efferent nerve fibers?

A

For the neuronal reflex that adjusts cardiac output and respiratory rate

Histo (10 decks)

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