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Histo > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 physical characteristics of cartilage?

A
  1. Avascular CT
  2. Made of chondrocytes and matrix
  3. Semirigid, pliable
  4. Provides joint articulation between bones (reduces friction)
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2
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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3
Q

Hyaline cartilage physical characteristics

A

Homogenous, glassy matrix, produced by chondrocytes, surrounded by perichondrium, provides joint articulation between bones

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4
Q

Where is the hyaline cartilage found commonly?

A

Synovial joints, rib cages, trachea

Where intermittent torsion and compression occur

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5
Q

___ produces the hyaline cartilage.

A

Chondrocytes

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6
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

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7
Q

What is the main characteristic of cartilage that differentiates it from CT?

A

Semirigidity, allows it to bear weight, found in sites where support is necessary

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8
Q

Chondrocytes characteristics

A
  1. Located within lacunae lakes
  2. Often shrink in tissue prep
  3. Produce / maintain matrix
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9
Q

Chondrocytes morphology

A

In well-preserved tissue: small cells with large rounded nucleus, prominent nucleolus

In growing cartilage: active in protein synthesis, well-developed Golgi, rER

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10
Q

What is the matrix of cartilage made of?

A

Water - 70%
Type II collagen - 15%
Ground substance - 15%

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11
Q

Ground substance

A

Made of proteoglycan aggregates and multiadhesive glycoproteins

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12
Q

The major constituents of the intercellular cartilage matrix are ___ and ___.

A

Collagen, proteoglycans

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13
Q

What makes cartilage resistant to compression?

A

Proteoglycan aggregates are negatively charged and hydrophilic, so they bind water like a sponge, making the cartilage highly hydrated and compressionable

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14
Q

The proteoglycan aggregates are bound to the ___ matrix in cartilage.

A

Collagen (Type II)

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15
Q

Proteoglycan aggregate components

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs: chondroitin/keratain sulfates) associate with core proteins in Golgi and link to hyaluronic acid (like leaves on tree) to from proteoglycans (majority aggrecan), which bind to collagen matrix

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16
Q

Why is the lacunar capsule / territorial matrix of the chondrocyte basophilic?

A

The proteoglycan aggregates

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17
Q

Perichondrium is made of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

Outer fibrous layer - Type I collagen

Inner cellular layer - cellular, responsible for cartilage growth

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18
Q

Where is perichondrium located?

A

At periphery of cartilage, acts as fibrous ensheathment

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19
Q

What is the external layer of the perichondrium made of?

A

Type I collagen

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20
Q

What is the inner layer of the perichondrium made of?

A

Fibroblasts, which differentiate into chondroblasts, then chondrocytes

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21
Q

Appositional growth of cartilage

A

External, fast growth on surface (embyros)

Fibroblasts of the inner perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts, which mature into chondrocytes to produce the matrix

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22
Q

The inner layer of the perichondrium is ___.

A

Cellular, chondrogenic

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23
Q

New cartilage forming at the surface is considered a ___ process.

A

Appositional

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24
Q

Interstitial growth of cartilage

A

Slow growth within the cartilage

Chondrocytes divide into isogenic groups of cells

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25
Q

The perichondrium is not present in articular cartilage of the joints. T/F

A

True, the perichondrium would interfere with movement

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26
Q

Appositional growth occur ___ and is ___, while interstitial growth occurs ___ and is ___.

A

Externally (inner layer of perichondrium), fast

Internally, slow (division of chondrocytes)

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27
Q

The presence of isogenic groups shows what?

A

Cartilage is growing via interstitial growth (chondrocytes dividing)

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28
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline, except:
Extensive network of elastic fibers with collagen

Has clusters of chondrocytes in lacunae, homogenous matrix, ground substance with proteoglycan aggregates, perichondrium

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29
Q

Fibrocartilage makeup

A

Small islets of hyaline cartilage with parallel bundles of Type I collagen
No chondrocytes, no perichondrium
Very strong / resilient
Herring bone pattern of Type I collagen

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30
Q

Where is the fibrous cartilage located?

A

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, tendon insertions

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31
Q

What is the strongest type of cartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage

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32
Q

Which cartilage type has the herring bone pattern? Why?

A

Fibrocartilage, because the Type I collagen displaces the ground substance, compared to the Type II collagen in hyaline that is not clearly visible

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33
Q

What tissue type does fibrocartilage resemble? How can you tell the difference between the two?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

Fibrocartilage has lacunae containing round chondrocytes

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34
Q

Nutrition of cartilage

A

The cartilage matrix is avascular, so metabolic exchange occurs via diffusion through water of ground substance
Chondrocytes have low metabolic rate

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35
Q

In older people, what happens to cartilage?

A

Calcification, replaced by bone

Calcium crystals/salts deposit in matrix

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36
Q

Why does cartilage have a limited capacity for repair / regeneration?

A

Chondrocytes are unable to migrate to the injury site and have a low proliferation rate

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37
Q

Connective tissue, bone, and cartilage all have what in common?

A

Abundant extracellular substance

38
Q

What is similar about cartilage and bone?

A

Both have cells (chondrocytes / osteocytes) that are located in lacunae with fibrous covering (perichondrium / periosteum)

39
Q

What is different about cartilage and bone?

A

The intercellular matrix is rigid with calcium salts (mineralized matrix)

40
Q

Compact bone texture

A

Dense solid mass

41
Q

Spongy bone texture

A

Lattice of branching / anastomosing bony trabeculae

42
Q

The different components of the compact and spongy bone is what produces the visible difference. T/F

A

False, they have the same components, the arrangement of the matrix that makes the visual

43
Q

Functions of bone

A
  • -Support and weight bearing
  • -Protective
  • -Biomechanical (enhance muscle actions)
  • -Metabolic (reservoir for calcium/phosphorous)
  • -Hematopoietic (bone marrow makes RBCs)
44
Q

The organic components of bone makes up ___% of dry weight, while inorganic makes up ___%.

A

35%

65%

45
Q

Organic components of bone

A 
Type I collagen fibrils - 90% 
Ground substance (chondroitin/keratin sulfates w/ soluble protein, glycoproteins)
46
Q

Inorganic components of bone

A

Caclium phosphate (in form of hydroxyapatite crystals)

47
Q

The organic components of bone is the ___.

A

Decalcified matrix

48
Q

What gives the bones their degree of resiliency even though they are rigid?

A

Type I collagen

49
Q

What makes the bone so strong?

A

The alternating arrangement of collagen fibers

50
Q

Osteons

A

AKA Haversian system Haversian canals surrounded by concentric lamellae of mineralized matrix (collagen fibers) with osteocytes

51
Q

What are the structural units of bone?

A

Osteons

52
Q

Canaliculi

A

Extend from and connect the lacunae to each other and vascular spaces (containing capillaries) in bone, act as tunnels for nutrients/metabolites as well as connecting osteocyte processes via gap junctions

53
Q

Osteocytes are ___ active cells that regulate the uptake / release of ___ and ___ in bone.

A

Metabolically, calcium, phosphate

54
Q

___ are located in the concentric lamellae.

A

Osteocytes

55
Q

Osteoblasts function

A

Produce osteoid (bone matrix: Type I collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

56
Q

Osteoblast morphology

A

Cuboidal / columnar single layer on surface of growing bone

Polarized nucleus with prominent nucleolus, basophilic cytoplasm of Golgi, rER, mitochondira

57
Q

The activity of osteoblasts is stimualted by ___, ___, and ___.

A

PTH, BMP (bone morphogenic proteins), prostaglandin E2

58
Q

Osteoclast

A

Large, multinucleated on surface of forming bone that are phagocytic and secrete proteinases, organic acids, and acid phosphatase

59
Q

Osteocytes

A

Surrounded by lacunae, have processes that extend in canaliculi and connect via gap junctions to other osteocytes, do not divide, and limit matrix synthesis / resorption

60
Q

Osteocyte function

A

Connect via gap junctions in canaliculi to other osteocytes

Limit matrix synthesis and resorption, regulates blood calcium level

61
Q

Osteoclast function is ___ and ___. What do they do?

A

Secretory, phagocytic

Resorb bone matrix

62
Q

Osteoclast morphology

A

Large, multinucleated

Resorption bay / Howship’s lacuna

Ruffled border: plasma membrane infoldings near bone, increase SA

Clear zone: ring-like structure of actin filaments, focal / precise resorption, sealing zone

63
Q

What cells are seen on the surface of growing bone?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

64
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells function

A

Bone-lining cells on quiescent surfaces (no formation/resorption)

Monocytes that divide and differentiate into osteoblasts

65
Q

Which bone cell type is associated with the Howship’s lacunae?

A

Osteoclasts

66
Q

What cells function in mineral homeostasis?

A

Osteocytes and osteoclasts

67
Q

How do osteoclasts function in mineral homeostasis?

A

Bone resorption can act as a mechanism for release of calcium and phosphate

68
Q

Quiescent surface of bone

A

No bone formation / resorption

69
Q

The formation of osteoblasts cannot be regulated. T/F

A

False

70
Q

Osteoclasts are derived via ___ from ___ cells that are ___.

A

Cell fusion, bone-lining cells, mononuclear

71
Q

What is the function of the ruffled border of ___?

A

Osteoclasts, membrane infoldings increases resorption area

72
Q

What is the function of the clear zone of ___?

A

Osteoclasts, seals resorption bay so proteinases and hydrogen chloride doesn’t leak out

73
Q

Where is periosteum located?

A

Between bone and skeletal muscle, on outer surface of bone

74
Q

What are the 2 layers of the periosteum?

A

Outer fibrous layer

Inner cellular layer, osteogenic with osteoprogenitor cells

75
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines vascularized canals and inner surface of bone marrow cavity, has osteoprogenitor cells

76
Q

Osteoprogenitor cell morphology

A

Flat cells, elongated nuclei

77
Q

Sharpey’s fibers

A

Anchor periosteum to bone, abundant at muscles or tendons

78
Q

There is no periosteum between articular cartilage and bone. T/F

A

True

79
Q

Where are osteogenic cells located?

A

The inner layer of the periosteum and the endosteum

80
Q

Haversian canals

A

Parallel to long bone, vascular channels that have capillaries and nerves supported by CT, surrounded by endosteum and lamellae (mineralized matrix with osteocytes), supplied by Volkmann’s canals perpendicularly

81
Q

Volkmann’s canal

A

Supply blood vessels and nerves to Haversian canals from periosteal surface and endosteal surface of marrow cavity

82
Q

The ___ canals are perpendicular to the ___ canals that run parallel to the bone.

A

Volkmann’s

Haversian

83
Q

The ___ canal does not have concentric lamellae present.

A

Volkmann’s

84
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Remnants of Haversian systems that were resorbed

Have cement lines (deposits of glyocprotein)

85
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

Pass uninterrupted around the external (periosteal) and internal (marrow) surfaces of the bone

86
Q

Spongy bone

A

Similar structure and composition as compact bone, except has trabecular appearance, no Haversian systems, no periosteum

Branching / plates of lamellae enclose CT or marrow, lined with endosteum

87
Q

Matrix proteins are uniformly distributed. T/F

A

False

88
Q

Osteoblasts produce ___ and ___.

A

Osteoid (Type I collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins)

Matrix vesicles (mineralize)

Together they form bone matrix

89
Q

Lacunae

A

Cavities / lakes that contain osteocytes, located between bone lamellae, are conencted by canaliculi

90
Q

What differentiates endosteum and periosteum?

A

Periosteum is thicker CT, while endosteum is a single layer of CT

91
Q

Ground bone

A

Dried bone without organic content

Histo (10 decks)

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