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Histo > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue

A

Diverse group of tissue that share common origin mesenchyme (mesoderm)

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2
Q

What does the Mallory dye stain? What color?

A

Collagen, blue

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3
Q

Composed of what 3 things?

A

Fibers, ground substance, few cells

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4
Q

Collagen fiber characterisitcs

A

A glycoprotein, unbranched, flexibile provides tensile strength. acidophilic

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5
Q

What is the most abundant structural fiber in CT?

A

Collagen

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6
Q

Collagen stain with what dyes?

A

Eosin (pink)
Mallory (blue)
Masson’s (green)

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7
Q

Collagen fibers have a definitive uniform length. T/F

A

False, they have indefinite length and variable width

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8
Q

Collagen have ___ when stained with osmium. Why?

A 
Axial periodicity 
Collagen fibrils (68 nm long, spaced by heavy metal) display banding pattern in fibers
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9
Q

Type IV collagen organizes as a ___ in ___.

A

Sheetlike network

Basal laminae

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10
Q

Where is Type III collagen found?

A

Skin, blood vessels, internal organs (stroma of spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow)

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11
Q

Which type of collagen is not organized into fibrils?

A

Type IV (sheetlike networks)

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12
Q

Where is type II collagen found?

A

Cartilage

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13
Q

90% of collagen is Type ___.

A

Type I

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14
Q

Type III collagen is found in ___ of ___.

A

Reticular lamina of basement membrane

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of CT fibers?

A

Collagen, reticular, elastic

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16
Q

Reticular fiber characteristics

A

Thin, branching, striated, mainly Type III collagen, coated in proteoglycans, boundary between epithelia and CT

Made by fibroblasts, reticular cells, smooth muscle cells, adipose cells, and Schwann cells

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17
Q

What do reticular fibers stain with?

A

Silver salts, PAS

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18
Q

What is the boundary between epithelia and CT?

A

Reticular fibers (reticular lamina of basement membrane)

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19
Q

Reticular fibers make what cellular layer?

A

Reticular lamina of basement membrane

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20
Q

What types of cells are surrounded by reticular fibers?

A

Adipocytes, reticular cells, smooth muscle cells, Schwann cells

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21
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Smaller diameter than collagen, branching, mixed with collagen (prevents tearing)

Form loose 3-D networks, fenestrated sheets, or parallel bundles

Made by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

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22
Q

Elastic fibers can be selectively stained with ___ or ___.

A

Orcein, resorcin-fuchsin

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23
Q

Why are elastic fibers mixed with collagen?

A

Elastic fibers tear easily, so collagen provides stability

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24
Q

Which has the smallest diameter: collagen or elastic fibers?

A

Elastic

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25
Q

Which of the CT fibers is branching?

A

Elastic, reticular

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26
Q

What are the 2 components of elastic fibers? How can you differentiate them?

A

Elastin and microfibrils (electron-dense)

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27
Q

Elastin model

A

Elastin molecules are randomly coiled when relaxed (hydrophobic) and can stretch out when put under pressure, then retract

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28
Q

Where is elastic fibers found predominantly?

A

In organs that need to stretch and return to original shape

Elastic arteries (fenestrated concentric layers between smooth m), dermis of skin, lung, elastic ligaments (parallel fibers w/ collagen), vocal folds

Found throughout the body

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29
Q

Ground substance

A

Occupies the space between the cells and has high water content

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30
Q

Ground substance structure

A

Proteoglycans (glycosaminoglycans GAGs bound to core proteins) with multiadhesive glycoproteins

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31
Q

Why is the ground substance have high water content?

A

The proteoglycans are negatively charged and hydrophilic

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32
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the ground substance?

A

Diffusion and compression support

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33
Q

Fibroblasts function

A

Synthesize collagen, elastic and reticular fibers, and components of ground substance

Can differentiate into other cell types (myofibroblasts during wound healing)

34
Q

Fibroblast morphology

A

Prominent rER and Golgi

35
Q

Macrophages (tissue histiocytes) morphology

A

Kidney shaped nucleus
Abundant lysosomes and phagocytic vesicles
Abundant rER, Golgi, secretory vesicles
Fuse to form giant cells

36
Q

What is used to stain macrophages?

A

Trypan blue (ingested by lysosomes)

37
Q

The mononuclear phagocytic system

A

Blood cells (monocytes) mature into macrophages, which then differentiate into many different types of cells

38
Q

Reticular fibers locations and functions

A
  1. Reticular organs - supporting framework for spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow (reticular cells)
  2. Between smooth muscle (smooth m cells)
  3. Surround acini of glands, adipocytes, small blood vessels, muscle, nerve (fibroblasts)
  4. Boundary between epithelia and CT, attach epithelia to underlying CT
  5. Embryonic tissue and wound healing
39
Q

Mast cell morphology

A

Circular nucleus, lots of secretory granules (pink)

40
Q

Mast cell function

A

Release histamines in response to IgE receptor (allergies) on membrane, after first exposure they recruit other mast cells and cause larger reaction

41
Q

Mast cell locations

A

Near small blood vessels in CT of skin and mucous membranes (places that are exposed to external environment)
Not in CNS

42
Q

Plasma cell morphology

A

Basophilic cytoplasm (ergastoplasm - rER, ribosomes, synthesizing proteins)
Eccentric nucleus, prominent nuclolus,
Soccer ball nucleus

43
Q

Plasma cell function

A

Secrete antibodies

Derive from B-lymphocytes after exposure to foreign substance

44
Q

Plasma cell locations

A

GI, respiratory tract, salivary glands, lymph nodes, hemopoietic tissue

45
Q

Reticular cell morphology

A

Light staining cells, not a lot of heterochromatin, prominent nucleolus
Cytoplasm surrounds fibers being produced (tails)

46
Q

Reticular cell locations

A

Lymphatic organs, bone marrow, adipose tissue

47
Q

Reticular cell functions

A

Produce reticular fibers in hemopoietic and lymphatic organs, surround blood vessels

48
Q

Adipocytes morphology

A

Flattened nucleus, thin cytoplasm around lipid droplet

49
Q

Adipocyte function

A

Fat storing cells (synthesis / storage of lipid), forms adipose tissue, secrete paracrine and endocrine substances (leptin - tells you when your full)

50
Q

What cell type has a nucleus that looks like a soccer ball?

A

Plasma cell

51
Q

What cell has a kidney shaped nucleus?

A

Macrophage

52
Q

What cell has a thin nucleus and cytoplasm around lipid droplet?

A

Adipocyte

53
Q

Adipocyte location

A

Around blood vessels, acts as cushion

54
Q

What cell types are found in connective tissue?

A

Macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, adipocytes, reticulocytes, fibroblasts

55
Q

What is the most widespread of the CT types?

A

Loos (areolar) CT

56
Q

What are the boundaries of CT proper?

A

Epithelial basal lamina and the external/basil lamina of muscle, nerve, and vascular endothelium

57
Q

Where is loose (areolar) CT found?

A

Where little resistance to stress is required

Sites of immune reactions, gas and nutrient exchange

Found in tissue where blood vessels are in

Supports epithelial parenchyma of major organs and underlies mesothelium lining pleural/peritoneal cavity

58
Q

Loose CT structure

A

Lots of cells and ground substance, few loosely arranged fibers

59
Q

Dense irregular CT structure

A

Few cells and ground substance, mostly collagen fibers (with some elastic) in various directions (to resist stretching/pulling)

60
Q

Dense irregular CT locations

A

Dermis, capsule of organs, sheaths of large neurons, dura mater

61
Q

Dense regular CT structure

A

Fibers ordered in direction best suited for stress

62
Q

Dense regular CT location

A

Tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis, cornea

63
Q

Dense connective tissue is made up of mostly ___ fibers.

A

Collagen

64
Q

Reticular tissue is a type of ___ CT, packed with ___ fibers made of ___.

A

Loose, reticular, Type III collagen

65
Q

What organs does reticular tissue form?

A

Stroma of bone marrow and spleen, lymph nodes

66
Q

How is reticular tissue usually stained? Why?

A

PAS staining, since it has a lot of glycoproteins (ground substance and collagen are glycoproteins)

67
Q

Reticular tissue morphology

A

Circular fibers around blood vessels, PAS stain (lots of glycoproteins)

68
Q

Elastic tissue structure

A

Dense CT with lots of elastic fibers (some collagen too), little ground substance and cells

69
Q

Elastic tissue locations

A

Where bending occurs

Neck, vocal folds, aorta

70
Q

Elastic fibers staining methods

A

Feulgen stains and no staining (yellow-red tissue)

71
Q

Adipose tissue structure

A

Mostly cellular, little extracellular components

72
Q

Adipose tissue function

A

Lipid storage and energy homeostasis, secretes hormones (endocrine organ)

73
Q

Adipose tissue locations

A

Places where blood vessels are traveling, to cushion

74
Q

White adipose tissue morphology

A

Single large lipid droplet, closely packed, squished nucleus, little ECM

75
Q

White adipose tissue location

A 
Subcutaneous tissue (distribution affected by age, sex, genes) 
Omentum, mesenteries, retroperitoneal areas (fasting decreases lipid amount)
Orbit of eye, joints, palms/soles (fasting doesn't change)
76
Q

Brown adipose tissue morphology

A

Smaller cells than white, individually packaged lipid droplets, circular nucleus, highly vascular

77
Q

Brown adipose tissue function

A

Used for heat production (abundant in newborns)

78
Q

Thermoregulation in infants

A

Sympathetic innervation increases blood flow to brown fat and stimulates brown fat to release NoEP, which leads to the breakdown of triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol for fatty acid oxidation that makes heat

79
Q

What is the function of brown fat and white fat cells?

A

Brown fat - heat

White fat - cushion

80
Q

Macrophage functions

A 
Antigen-presenting - lymphocyte activation 
Secretion of cytokines for inflammation 
Cell reorganization 
Tissue damage
Tumoricidal activity
Microbicidal activity
81
Q

Mast cells are always found in ____ tissue.

A

Loose connective

82
Q

What kind of CT is associated with skeletal muscle?

A

Dense regular CT

Histo (10 decks)

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