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Histo > Epithelium and Glands > Flashcards

Epithelium and Glands Flashcards

1
Q

How many different types of cells are there?

A

223

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2
Q

Characteristics of epithelia

A

Highly cellular, lack intercellular material, covers and lines all body surfaces, forms the gland tissues, can be very regenerative, have surface modifications that facilitate functional roles, all have basement membrane, no direct blood supply

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3
Q

Only few epithelial cells have a blood supply. T/F

A

False, epithelia do not have a direct blood supply

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4
Q

All epithelia are associated with a basement membrane. T/F

A

True

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5
Q

Tissue

A

A collection of cells and cell products having one or more common functions

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6
Q

The difference between the basal and reticular lamina can be seen with a light microscope. T/F

A

False, the difference can be seen with an EM.

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7
Q

Common characteristics of epithelia

A 
Highly cellular
Tightly adherent 
Avascular
Highly regenerative
Highly polarized 
Basement membrane
Nuclei conform to cell shape 
Derived from all germ layers
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8
Q

What germ layer is the epithelia derived from?

A

All germ layers

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9
Q

Four ways epithelial cells vary

A

Shape
Number of layers
Intracellular structure
Mode of attachment

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10
Q

Functions of epithelia (8)

A 
Protection
Transportation
Secretion
Excretion
Absorption
Lubrication
Sensory reception
Reproduction
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11
Q

The classification of tissue as epithelial is based on what?

A

Microscopic structure
Location
Function (modifications)
Pathological behavior

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12
Q

Epithelium is classified using what three characteristics?

A

Shape
Number of cellular layers
Surface modifications

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13
Q

Simple epithelia

A

Single layer of cells, height varies

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14
Q

Simple squamous epithelia structure

A

flat, thin cytoplasm, flattened nucleus

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15
Q

Simple squamous epithelia function

A

Passive function role, permeable

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16
Q

Simple squamous epithelia location

A

Anywhere exchanges/permeability is needed

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17
Q

Endothelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium lining blood, lymphatic vessels, and heart

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18
Q

Mesothelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium lining the body cavities (pericardial, pleural, peritoneal)

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19
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelia structure

A

Square, nuclei round and central

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20
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelia function

A

Active transport, synthesis of secretory products (increased cell volume supports more metabolic activities

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21
Q

Simple columnar epithelia structure

A

Tall, oval nuclei located near basement membrane

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22
Q

Simple columnar epithelia function

A

Protection, absorption, secretion

Contain goblet cells

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23
Q

Simple columnar epithelia tend to be located on surfaces of curvature rather than flat. T/F

A

False.

Ex: found in inner surface of stomach rather than in secretory glands

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24
Q

Goblet cells

A

Unicellular glands that occur in columnar epithelia

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25
Q

What staining method is effective for the basal lamina?

A

PAS staining, since the basal lamina is made of collagen, which is a glycoprotein, and proteoglycans

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26
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia structure

A

All cells rest on basement membrane, but not all cells reach free surface, nuclei at different levels, usually has surface modifications

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27
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells in upper respiratory tract

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28
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia location

A

Upper respiratory tract

Male reproductive system

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29
Q

What is the characteristic location of pseudostratified columnar epithelia?

A

Respiratory epithelium in upper respiratory tract

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30
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

At least two layers of cells, has basal stem cell population for regeneration

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31
Q

Stratified squamous epithelia location

A

Externally exposed surfaces subject to abrasion: skin, mouth, esophagus, vagina

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32
Q

Stratified squamous epithelia function

A

Protection against mechanical abrasion, desiccation, invasion

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33
Q

Stratified squamous epithelia structure

A

Top layer simple squamous

Cornified skin cells have dead cell layers

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34
Q

Stratified squamous epithelia are referred to as keratinized and non-keratinized based on presence of dead cell layer. T/F

A

False, all epithelia have small amounts of keratin, so are referred to as cornified and non-cornified

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35
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelia location

A

Luminal surfaces of large ducts of various glands (sweat, pancreas, parotid)
Uncommon

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36
Q

Stratified columnar epithelia function

A

Protection of large ducts

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37
Q

Stratified columnar epithelia location

A

Lines large ducts at transition zones (duct goes small to large), pancreas, parotid gland
Rare

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38
Q

Transitional epithelia function

A

Can be distended/stretched, relatively impermeable

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39
Q

Transition epithelia location

A

Uroepithelium

Found exclusively in bladder, ureter, renal pelvis

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40
Q

Transitional epithelia structure

A

Scalloped/domed on top

Binucleated cells

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41
Q

Epithelia are highly polarized. T/F

A

True

Polarity reflects epithelial function

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42
Q

The modifications of the apical surface of epithelial cells have what three functions?

A 
Protection
-Cornified layer
-Glycocalyx
Absorption
-Microvilli
-Stereocilia 
Locomotion
-Cilia
-Flagella
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43
Q

Microvilli

A
  • Have actin mf cores
  • Anchored to intermediate filaments of the terminal web (anchored to ZA)
  • Motile activity via actin-myosin interactions
  • Increase surface area (glycocalyx)
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44
Q

The microvilli borders of the kidney tubules and intestines are called?

A

Brush border - kidney tubules

Striated border - intestine (highly developed)

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45
Q

Stereocilia structure

A

Long, branched, flexible, clumped like a paintbrush

Ezrin anchors actin filaments to tip, not villin

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46
Q

___ anchors actin microfilament cores to the tip in microvilli, while ___ does that in stereocilia.

A

Villin, ezrin

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47
Q

Ezrin anchors the actin cores to the tip in ___, which is done by villin in ___.

A

Stereocilia, microvilli

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48
Q

Stereocilia location

A

Found in the inner ear and epididymis

49
Q

Cilia

A

Made of microtubules anchored to basal body (MTOC)

Motile like spinning lasso

50
Q

Cilia function and location

A

Found in tracheal cells, transport fluid across epithelia

Without internal pair in axoneme, they act as mechanoreceptors

51
Q

Cilia structure

A

Axoneme
9+2 arrangement, 9 microtubule pairs around 2 single microtubules
Dynein (using ATP hydrolysis) motor slides MT pairs past one another, bends cilia
Without internal pair, they act as mechanoreceptors

52
Q

Where do cilia arise from?

A

The basal body (9+0) as a template, which acts as the MTOC

53
Q

Where do the basal body come from?

A

Centrioles give rise to precentrioles, which migrate to cell surface an form basal bodies

54
Q

What is the structure of the basal bodies?

A

9+0 triplets of microtubules

55
Q

What is the function of the 9+0 monocilia?

A

Mechanoreceptors to determine axis

56
Q

How does ciliary motility occur?

A

The dynein (using ATP hydrolysis) motor slides MT pairs past one another, bends cilia

57
Q

What are the 3 types of lateral membrane modifications?

A

Barrier seals, mechanical anchors, and communicating junctions

58
Q

Cilia can synchronize with the use of ___ in the lateral membrane.

A

Gap junctions

59
Q

The ___ can act as an intercellular glue to reinforce adhesion of adjacent cells.

A

Glycocalyx

60
Q

The membranes of adjacent cells can ___ to increase adhesion with help from the glycocalyx.

A

Interdigitate

61
Q

Apical Junctional Complex (AJC)

A

Composed of zonula occludens, zonula adherens, and macula adherens
Regulates cell-cell adhesion, paracellular permeability and cell polarity

AKA terminal bar, looks like dark line on top of epithelial cells

62
Q

Zonula occludens

A

Tight junction where membranes fuse partially, create ridges (more ridges means more closure, represent integral proteins)
Forms main paracellular diffusion barrier, act as gates or fence

63
Q

The ridges of the zonula occludens in EM represent ___.

A

Integral proteins

64
Q

What are the 2 functions of the zonula occludens?

A

Gate - paracellular pathway

Fence - membrane compartmentalization

65
Q

The zonula occludents prevents ___.

A

Intecellular passage

66
Q

Zonula occludens proteins

A

Occludins - form tight seal, maintain barrier

Claudins - Allow for specific paracellular passage of certain substances

JAM (Junction adhesion molecules) - Link actin cytoskeleton of one cell to another cell

67
Q

The permeability of the zonula occudens cannot be regulated. T/F

A

False, BBB can be permeated with drugs

68
Q

Zonula adherens

A

Links the actin cytoskeleton between cells, provides lateral adhesion

69
Q

The zonula adherens provides ___ adhesion by linking ___.

A

Lateral, actin cytoskeleton of adjacent cells

70
Q

Zonula adherens proteins

A

Cadherins linked to microfilaments (actin) of cells bind to calcium between cells

71
Q

Since ___ are composed of actin, they can join the actin web and link to ___.

A

Microvilli, zonula adherens

72
Q

Macula adherens (desmosomes)

A

Link to IFs via transmembrane glycoproteins to plasma membrane

73
Q

Which is the strongest of the lateral membrane modifications? Why?

A

Macula adherens, link to intermediate filaments

74
Q

Which lateral membrane modification acts as barrier seals?

A

Zonula occludens

75
Q

Desmosome structure

A

Cadherins - extracellular ligands link cells

Intermediate filaments linked via proteins to plasma membrane

76
Q

Desmosome function

A

Regulate morphogenetic development, cell differentiation, and wound regeneration

77
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

Adhesion to basal lamina, link IFs to ECM

78
Q

Hemidesmosome structure

A

Integrins - extracellular ligands

79
Q

Hemidesmosomes use ___ as extracellular ligands, while desmosomes use ___.

A

Integrins, cadherins

80
Q

Gap junction structure

A

6 connexon subunits pairs inserted into plasma membrane

81
Q

Gap junctions cannot be regulated. T/F

A

False, they are active channels that can be opened and closed as needed (calcium, pH)

82
Q

Basal infoldings

A

Where basal membrane encapsulated part of mitochondria, allowing for more surface area for pumps

Found in ducts and salivary glands

83
Q

Where are basal infoldings found?

A

Ducts and salivary glands where fluid is actively being transported

84
Q

What are the 2 layers of the basement membrane?

A

Basal lamina (lamina densa) and reticular lamina

85
Q

Basal lamina structure

A

Lots of collagen, granules, and proteoglycans, hydrated

86
Q

Reticular lamina

A

Made of type III collagen reticular fibers

87
Q

The ___ is derived from epithelia and the ___ is derived from CT.

A

Basal lamina, reticular lamina

88
Q

The ___ of the basement membrane is visible via light microscopy,

A

Reticular lamina

89
Q

What are the two types of anchoring junctions?

A

Hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions

90
Q

Focal adhesions

A

Bind microfilaments (actin) to the ECM of the basal lamina

91
Q

___ use actin to anchor cells to the basal lamina, while ___ uses IFs.

A

Focal adhesions

Hemidesmosomes

92
Q

Functions of the basement membrane

A

Actively transports to underlying blood vessels and epithelium , selects what can pass through membrane, highway for cell migration

93
Q

What 2 cell types are glands composed of?

A

Parenchyma - functional secretory cells of epithelial origin (active)

Stroma - supporting cells, of CT origin

94
Q

___ cells of glands are derived from CT while ___ cells are derived from epithelia.

A

Stromal, parenchymal

95
Q

How are exocrine glands developed?

A

Invagination of epithelium (downgrowth) that stays in contact with epithelium

96
Q

How are endocrine glands developed?

A

Invaginations of epithelium that separate away from epithelium and become vascular

97
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Release their products into blood via CT

98
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Release products via ducts onto a surface

99
Q

Goblet cells are considered glands of their own. T/F

A

True

100
Q

Goblet cell

A

Unicellular glands that are polarized with secretory product towards lumen side of cell

101
Q

How are exocrine ducts classified?

A

Ducts
Simple (unbranched) vs. compound (branched)

Secretory unit
Tubular, acinous (alveolar), or compound (both)

Secretions
Serous, mucous, mixed

102
Q

Serous exocrine glands

A

Lots of proteins (enzymes) secreted, zymogen granules, round nuclei, watery

103
Q

Mucous exocrine glands

A

Squished nuclei, glycoproteins, mucinogen granules are lost when fixed, so look vacuolated, lubricating for lumen of glands

104
Q

___ glands have round nuclei while ___ exocrine glands have flat nuclei.

A

Serous, mucous

105
Q

Serous exocrine glands have ___ as a definitive feature, while mucous glands have ___.

A

Zymogen granules

Vacuoles

106
Q

Where are mixed seromucous glands found?

A

Pancreas, salivary glands, trachea

107
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Exocytosis

108
Q

Most glands use what type of secretion?

A

Merocrine

109
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Membrane breaks, cell dies

110
Q

What type of glands are holocrine?

A

Sebaceous

111
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Membrane pinches off

112
Q

What type of glands are apocrine?

A

Mammary glands (release lipids that need to be encapsulated)

113
Q

What are the 3 structures of endocrine glands?

A

Clumps, cords, follicles

114
Q

What types of tissues have static populations?

A

Neurons, muscle

115
Q

What type of tissues have expanding populations?

A

Liver, kidney

116
Q

What type of tissues have renewing cell populations?

A

Blood, skin, gut

117
Q

Where is the mitotic activity of cells seen?

A

Basement membrane

118
Q

Order these tissues based on epithelial cell lifespan: small intestine, trachea, bladder, skin

A

Small intestine < skin < trachea < bladder

Histo (10 decks)

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