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Histo > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the overall main function of blood?

A

To maintain cellular homeostasis

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2
Q

How does blood maintain cellular homeostasis? (6 functions)

A
  1. Transports oxygen / nutrients to cells
  2. Removes CO2/waste from cells/tissue
  3. Acts as buffering system, maintains acid-base balance (via proteins in blood)
  4. Transports hormones, clotting factors, cells (acts as highway through body)
  5. Transport immune cells/substances
  6. Thermoregulation / coagulation
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3
Q

What processes is the blood involved in?

A

Respiration, acid-base balance, immune system, thermoregulation, coagulation, transport

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4
Q

Blood is considered a specialized type of ___. Why?

A

Connective tissue

Blood is cells in a specialized ECM

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5
Q

Total blood volume in adults is ___, which is ___% of body weight.

A

6L

7-8%

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6
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Erythrocytes that recently entered circulation from the bone marrow

Identified by staining of residual ribosomes by vital dyes, lose after 24h in circulation

Make up 1-2% of total RBCs

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7
Q

What staining is used to identify reticulocytes?

A

Vital dyes for ribosomal RNAs

Cresyl violet
New Methyl Blue NMB

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8
Q

How long are reticulocytes in circulation for? What happens to them?

A

24h

They lose their residual ribosomes and become RBCs

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9
Q

Why are reticulocytes clinically important?

A

They can indicate the rate of RBC production, more are seen with oxygen loss or blood loss

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10
Q

Plasma makes up ___% of total blood volume.

A

55%

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11
Q

What is the main component of plasma?

A

Water 90%

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12
Q

What is the main protein component of plasma? What is its function?

A

Albumin, maintains osmotic pressure of blood

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13
Q

What are the different components of plasma?

A

water (90%)
Proteins (7%, albumin)
Other solutes (2%)

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14
Q

What are the 3 main proteins in plasma? What are their functions?

A

Albumins - maintain osmolarity in blood)

globulins - immunoglobulins, chaperones

fibrinogen - cleaved into fibrin for clotting

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15
Q

What makes up the formed elements?

A

Platelets, WBCs, RBCs

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16
Q

What proteins are responsible for the elasticity of RBCs?

A

Band 3 and glycophorin link to actin cytoskeleton

integral membrane proteins that make up RBC membrane cytoskeleton

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17
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Loss of RBC membrane cytoskeletal proteins

–No biconcave shape, no central pallor, lack flexibility, hemolysis from stress

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18
Q

Rouleaux

A

Stacking of RBCs due to high level of immunoglobulins in blood

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19
Q

Blood is considered a ___.

A

Specialized type of CT

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20
Q

Platelets ___ in size as they get older.

A

Decrease

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21
Q

___ refers to plasma when the clotting factors are removed.

A

Serum

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22
Q

Do males or females have higher RBC hematocrit counts? What is the average percentage of RBCs?

A

Males

40-42%

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23
Q

What makes up the buffy coat? What percentage of the hematocrit is it?

A

Platelets and leukocytes

1%

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24
Q

Order the plasma proteins from largest to smallest.

A

Fibrinogen, globulins, albumin

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25
Q

What is the lifespan of an RBC?

A

120 days

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26
Q

What kind of plasma causes hemolysis? Crenated RBC appearance?

A

Hypotonic, hypertonic

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27
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of RBC

A

Lots of Hb

No organelles, energy comes from glycolysis

28
Q

What is the most common type of Hb?

A

HbA (96% of Hb) binds 2 alpha and 2 beta chains

29
Q

HbA1c

A

Binds irreversible to glucose, used to monitor glucose levels over 2-3 months

30
Q

Hemoglobin structure

A

Made of 4 subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) bound to a heme (contains iron, binds oxygen)

31
Q

HbF

A

Fetal hemoglobin, 2 alpha 2 gamma chains, also found in sickle cell anemia and thalassemia

32
Q

HbA2

A

1-3% of abult Hb, 2 alpha 2 delta chains

33
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Point mutation in beta-chain of Hb, hydrophobic AA replaced with hydrophilic AA

With low oxygen, cells get misshapen and fragile, makes blood viscous and blocks blood flow

34
Q

Polychromasia

A

RBCs have bluish tint due to low ribosomes in reticulocytes

35
Q

Hypochromasia

A

Central pallor too large (>1/3), due to low Hb production, Hb pools in middle

36
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

RBC change in shape, consists of Schistocytes, Sickle cells, target cells

37
Q

Schistocytes

A

Sheared RBCs due to clots or prosthetic heart valves

38
Q

Target cells

A

Increased ratio of SA to volume caused by increased red SA or low Hb content

39
Q

What causes a RBC inclusion?

A

Too much iron or lead deposited in cell

40
Q

Diapedesis

A

Macrophages in tissues release cytokines (IL-1 / TNF-a) that signal to endothelial cells to make selectins that act as receptors for WBCs ligands (mainly neutrophils). WBCs roll on endothelial cell selectin receptors, causing Integrins to be expressed on the WBCs and ICAM-1 (integrin receptors) to be expressed on endothelial cells, adhering the WBC to the endothelium so diapedesis can occur

41
Q

What are the segmented cells?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

42
Q

What are the mononuclear cells?

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes

43
Q

What are other names for neutrophils?

A

PMNs, polymorphs

44
Q

Which leukocyte is most likely to have the barr body? Why?

A

Neutrophil since its the most common

45
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytes, defends against bacterial invasion, releases cytokines (pyrogen stimulates prostaglandins causing fever)

46
Q

How to differentiate neutrophils?

A
  • -2x size of RBCs
  • -Barr body
  • -Segemented nucleus with condensed chromatin
47
Q

What granules are found in neutrophils?

A

Primary (type A azurophilic) - lysosomes

Secondary (type B specific) - enzymes, antmicrobial peptides, complement activators

Tertiary granules - phosphatases and metallogenases (collagenases) for motility

48
Q

Neutrophil leading edge

A

Ectoplasm contains actin filaments, not granules (for pseudopodia)

49
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Signals released in tissue attract leukocytes to site of infection

Migration controlled by expression of adhesion molecules on PMN surface that interact with ligands on endothelial cells

50
Q

What is pus caused by?

A

Dead neutrophils after ingesting bacteria

51
Q

How is bacteria phagocytosed by neutrophils?

A

Zippering mechanism

52
Q

Functions of eosinophils

A
  • -Kill parasites
  • -Moderate inflammation
  • -Phagocytic
  • -Digest products released by mast cells and basophils
53
Q

How to identify eosinophil

A
  • -Bi-lobed nucleus
  • -Larger than neutrophil
  • -Hamburger / hotdog granules (crystalloid body)
54
Q

What granules are found in eosinophils?

A

Specific granules - Large granules with crystalloid body, made of 4 proteins to fight paracites and enzymes to control mast cell response (degrade histamine)

Azurophilic granules - lysosomes

55
Q

Basophil identification

A
  • -Not much larger than a RBC
  • -Bilobed nucleus obscured by granules in H and E dye
  • -Whorls granules (due to myelin figures)
56
Q

What granules are found in basophils?

A

Azurophilic granules (lysosomes)

Specific granules - fo allergy response: Heparin (anticoagulant), histamine (vascular permeability), heparan sulfate (vasodilator), leukotrienes (bronchial constrictor)

57
Q

Basophil function

A

Similar to mast cells (allergy response), bind IgE to release granule contents

58
Q

Lymphocyte function

A

Memory cells (immunocompetent) for viral infections

59
Q

Lymphocyte identification

A
  • -Same size as RBCs in blood (larger when activated in lymphatic organs)
  • -Spherical nucleus, slightly indented
  • -Little cytoplasm
  • -Can’t differentiate types
60
Q

Lymphocyte content

A
  • -Little, basophilic cytoplasm
  • -Indented nucleus with Golgi and centriole
  • -Free ribosomes
  • -Smeared nuclear profile (more heterochromatic)
61
Q

Monocyte function

A

Monocytes in blood, differentiate into macrophages in tissue

–Exist only in blood for 3 days

62
Q

Monocyte identification

A
  • -Largest WBC
  • -Lacy, kidney nucleus (mainly heterochromatic, with euchromatin pockets)
  • -Nucleus more indented than lymphocyte
63
Q

Monocyte content

A
  • -Azurophilic primary granules (lysosomes)

- -Nucleus more indented than lymphocyte

64
Q

Platelets are formed from ___.

A

Megakaryocytes

65
Q

Platelet structure (4 zones)

A

–Peripheral zone: plasma membrane and glycocalyx

–Structural zone: 12-15 MTs that form a circle around outside

–Membrane zone: 2 types of channels
>Open cannaliculi system: plasma membrane invaginations
>Dense tubular system: from rER of megakaryocyte, concentrates calcium and synthesizes prostaglandins

–Organelle zone - granules for clotting
>alpha granules: most numerous, for coagulation and platelet aggregation
>delta granules: dense bodies for contraction
>gamma granules: azurophilic, lysosomes

66
Q

Platelet identification

A
  • -Smaller than RBCs
  • -Anuclear
  • -Hyalomere: clear peripheral region
  • -Granulomere: purple central region
67
Q

Clot formation

A
  1. Exposure of the subendothelial matrix allows platelets to adhere to collagen, releasing alpha granules that aggregate platelets to form the primary hemostatic plug
  2. Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin (via thrombin on glycocalyx of platelets) which forms loose mesh over primary plug
  3. Clot retracts from platelet contraction (delta granules
  4. Plasmin (from plaminogen via tissue plasminogen activator TPA) breaks apart fibrin, dissolving clot

Histo (10 decks)

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