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HISTOLOGY > NERVOUS TISSUE > Flashcards

NERVOUS TISSUE Flashcards

1
Q

nervous tissue is formed by

A

a network of many billion nerve cell or neuron

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2
Q

nerve cells ( neurons ), all assisted by many more supporting cells called

A

glial cells .

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3
Q

all support from any other organ in other tissue except brain and nervous is called

A

Connective tissue

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4
Q

glial cells are also

A

nerve cells

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5
Q

Each neuron has hundreds of interconnections with other neurons, forming

A

a very complex system for processing information and generating responses

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6
Q

Anatomically, the general organization of the nervous system has two major divisions:

A

CNS and PNS

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7
Q

CNS is consist of

A

brain and spinal chord

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8
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) , composed of

A

the cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves conducting impulses to and from the CNS (sensory and motor nerves, respectively) and ganglia

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9
Q

that are small groups of nerve cells outside the CNS.

A

ganglia

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10
Q

enters the CNS

A

sensory nerve

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11
Q

away from CNS

A

motor nerve

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12
Q

PNS almost made up completely of

A

nerve fibers/ axons

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13
Q

axons are synonymous to

A

nerves

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14
Q

nerve fibers

A

sensory nerve and motor nerve

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15
Q

the way our body does homeostasis

A

hormonal and nervous control

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16
Q

how we respond to the action to maintain homeostasis

A

consciously and unconsciously

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17
Q

Neurons respond to environmental changes ( stimuli ) by

A

altering the ionic gradient that exists across their plasma membranes

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18
Q

All cells maintain such a gradient, also called an

A

electrical potential, but cells that can rapidly change this potential in response to stimuli (eg, neurons, muscle cells, some gland cells) are said to be excitable or irritable.

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19
Q

Neurons react promptly to stimuli with a

A

reversal of the ionic gradient ( membrane depolarization ) that generally spreads from the place that received the stimulus and is propagated across the neuron’s entire plasma membrane. This propagation, called the action potential , the depolarization wave , or the nerve impulse , is capable of traveling long distances along neuronal processes, transmitting such signals to other neurons, muscles, and glands.

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20
Q

action potential

A

nerve impulse

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21
Q

cell body

A

pericharia

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22
Q

Neurulation in the early embryo.

A
  1. Neural folds and neural groove form
    from the neural plate.

2.Neural folds elevate and approach one
another.

  1. As neural folds prepare to fuse and form
    the neural tube and dorsal epidermis,
    neural crest cells loosen and become
    mesenchymal.
  2. The mass of neural crest cells initially
    lies atop the newly formed neural tube.
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23
Q

neural tube will give rise to

A

CNS

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24
Q

neural crest will give rise to

A

PNS

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25
Q

Functioning part of both CNS and PNS

A

Neuron

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26
Q

3 major parts of neurons

A

Cell body/perikaryon
Dendrites
axon

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27
Q

Contains nucleus and most of cell organelles and serve are synthetic or trophic center for entire neurons

A

Cell body/perikaryon

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28
Q

most cell bodies can be seen in CNS but sometimes can be seen in PNS as

A

ganglia

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29
Q

numerous elongated processes extending from perikaryon and specialize to receive stimui from other neurons from site called

A

Dendrites

synapses

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30
Q

single long process ending at synapses specialize to generate and conduct nerve impulse to other cells

A

axon

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31
Q

neurons can be classified according to no. of processes extending from cell bodies

A

miltipolar neuron

unipolar neuron

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32
Q

multipolar neuron

A

have one axon and 2 or more dendrites

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33
Q

bipolar neuron

A

1 dendrite 1 axon

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34
Q

unipolar neuron/pseudounipolar neuron

A

have a single process that bifurcates close to the perikaryon, with the longer branch extending to a peripheral ending and the other toward the CNS.

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35
Q

Anaxonic neurons

A

, with many dendrites but no true
axon, do not produce action potentials, but regulate
electrical changes of adjacent neurons.

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36
Q

most neurons are

A

multipolar

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37
Q

Bipolar neurons are found in the

A

retina
olfactory mucosa the (inner ear)
cochlear and vestibular ganglia,
where they serve the senses of sight, smell, and balance, respectively.

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38
Q

Pseudounipolar neurons are found in

A

the spinal ganglia (the sensory ganglia found with the spinal nerves) and in most cranial ganglia.

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39
Q

Nervous components can also be subdivided functionally

A

Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Somatic motor nerves
autonomic motor nerves

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40
Q

Sensory neurons are

A

afferent and receive stimuli from the receptors throughout the body

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41
Q

Motor neurons are

A

efferent, sending impulses to effector organs such as muscle fibers and glands

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42
Q

Somatic motor nerves are under

A

voluntary control and typically innervate most skeletal muscle;

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43
Q

autonomic motor nerves control the

A

“involuntary” activities of glands, cardiac muscle, and most smooth muscle.

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44
Q

not all skeletal mucle are under

A

voluntary control

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45
Q

Interneurons

A

establish relationships among other neurons, forming complex functional networks or circuits

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46
Q

in CNS, most neuronal perikarya occurs in ___, with axons concentrated in ___

A

grey matter

white matter

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47
Q

in PNS, cell bodies are found in

A

ganglia and in some regions like olfactory mucosa

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48
Q

PNS made up of

A

axons are bundled in nerves

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49
Q

Parkinson disease is

A

a slowly progressing disorder affecting muscular activity characterized by tremors, reduced activity of the facial muscles, loss of balance, and postural stiffness. It is caused by gradual loss by apoptosis of dopamine-producing neurons whose cell bodies lie within the nuclei of the CNS substantia nigra. Parkinson disease is treated with l-dopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), a precursor of dopamine which augments the declining production of this neurotransmitter.

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50
Q

The cell body is the

A

neuronal region that contains the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm, exclusive of the cell processes

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51
Q

finely dispresed, reflecting intense synthetic activity

A

chromatin

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52
Q

cytoplasm of perikaryon

A

concentrated RER and other polysomes appear as clumps of basophilic material called chromatophilic substance (or Nissl substance, Nissl bodies

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53
Q

purplish

A

basophilic materials

54
Q

usually short and devided to 3 branches

A

dendrites

55
Q

usually covered with synapses and are the principal signal reception and processing sites on neurons

A

dendrites

56
Q

Most neurons have only one axon

A

, a fine cylindrical process that varies in length and diameter according to the type of neuron. Axons are usually very long processes

57
Q

Axons originate from a pyramid-

shaped region of the perikaryon called the

A

axon hillock

58
Q

The plasma membrane of the axon is often called

A

the axolemma and its contents are known as axoplasm.

59
Q

distal end of an axon forms a

A

terminal arborization

60
Q

and axons of interneurons and some motor neurons have branches called

A

COLLATERALS that end at synapses influencing the activity of many other neurons

61
Q

Each branch ends with a dilation called a

A

terminal bouton

62
Q

contacts another neuron or non-nerve cell at a synapse to initiate an impulse in that cell.

A

terminal bouton

63
Q

has faster electrical impulse/depolarization

A

unmyelinated axon

64
Q

soltatory conductions

A

nerve impulse jump

only inc

65
Q

unmyelinated axon mostly found in

A

SPINAL CORD.

66
Q

sites where nerve impulse are transmitted from one neuron to another/ from neurons and other effector cells

A

synapse

67
Q

structure of synapse is

A

unidirectional

68
Q

nervous tissue communicates with our body via

A

electro chemical signal

electrical signal

69
Q

neuron to neuron communication

A

electrical-chemical-electrical

70
Q

it converts electrical signal 9nerve impulse( from pre synaptic cell into chemical signal that effects the post synaptic cells.

A

synapse

71
Q

most synapses release

A

neurotransmitter

72
Q

small molecules that bind specific receptor proteins to either open or close ion channels or initiate second messenger cascade.

A

neurotransmitter

73
Q

space bet. presynaptic to postsynaptic

A

synaptic cleft

74
Q

synaptic vescicle holds ACH.

bababa si synaptic neurons, open calcium channel
the calcium will go inside
it will initiate vescicle to fusse with pre synaptic cleftvia exocytosis=

A

ACH

75
Q

ACH will be free floating on

A

synaptic cleft

ang received by post synaptic cleft (ACH receptors)

76
Q

Components of synapse

A 
Presynaptic axon (terminal bouton)
Postsynaptic axon
77
Q

Presynaptic axon (terminal bouton)

A

wheere neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis

78
Q

Postsynaptic axon

A

receptor for neurotransmitter and ion channels and other mechanism to initiate nerve impulse

79
Q

calcium in blood

A

PTH

released by osteoclast

80
Q

Calcium in bone

A

Calcitonin

81
Q

pag na receive na ni post si neurotransmitter

A

either excitatory or inhibitory effect of the post synaptic

82
Q

if an axon forms a synapse with a cell body it is called

A

axosomatic synapse

83
Q

axon with a dendrite

A

axodendritic

84
Q

axon with another axon for modulation of electrical siignal

A

axoaxonic

85
Q

type of connective tissue that supports CNS

A

glial cells

86
Q

supports neuronal survival and activities and ten times more abundant in neuron

A

Glial cells

87
Q

6 types of Glial cells

A 
Oligodendrocyte
Shwann cells (neurolemocyte)
satellite cells
Epindymal cells
Microglia
Astrocytes
88
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

produce mylein seath

89
Q

provide electrical insulation for neurons in CNS

A

Oligodendrocyte

90
Q

predominant glial cells in CNS of white matter

A

Oligodendrocyte

91
Q

why white matter is white

A

lipid concentration in the wrapped membrane seath

-axon na may myeline seath

92
Q

have large number of radiating process and also unique in cns

A

astrocytes

93
Q

most numerous glial cells of CNS and diverse structurally and functionally

A

astrocytes

94
Q

types of astrocytes

A

fibrous astrocytes

protoplasmic astrocytes

95
Q

typical in white matter and have relatively few long processes

A

fibrous astrocytes

96
Q

predominant in grey matter and have many shorter branch processes

A

protoplasmic astrocytes

97
Q

largest processes of all astrocytes are reinforced with bundles of intermediate filaments called

A

Glial fibrilary acid proteins/GFAP

serves as unique marker for astrocytes, the most common source of brain tumor

98
Q

Functions associated with various astrocytes

A
  • Regulates extracellular concentrations around neurons
  • Guides and physically supports movement of locations of differentiating neurons in the developing CNS.
  • extending processes and expanded perivascular feet that cover endothelial cells and contribute to BBB.
  • Serves as a gate sp that it will limit substances from the blood to go to the brain
  • Adds extra layer of filtrarion
  • Form a barrier layer expanded process called GLIAL LIMITING MEMBRANE
99
Q

Astrocytes communicate directly via

A

Gap junctions

100
Q

glial cells in CNS

A

Oligo
astro
epindymal

101
Q

Ependymal cells

A

columnar/cuboidal cells that lines the ventricles of the brain and centra; canal of spinal chord

102
Q

in some CNS location apical ends of Ependymal cells have

A

-cilia
facilitate movement of CSF

-long microvilli
for absorption

103
Q

Epindymal cells are joint apically by

A

junctional complexes like of epithelial

104
Q

Microglial

A

short cells with small irregular processes evenly distributed throughout grey and white matter

105
Q

secrete a number of immunoregulatory cytokenes and constituate major mechanism of immune defense in CNS

A

Microglial cells

106
Q

macrophages of CNS

A

Microglia

107
Q

Microglia came from

A

blood circulating monocytes

108
Q

Shwann cells

A

(neurolemocyte)

109
Q

glial cells found in PNS

A

Shwann cells

from neural crest

110
Q

serve as myelinating cells of PNS and support cells of peripheral neurons

A

Shwann cells

111
Q

Satellite cells

A

SUPPORT GANGLIA

forms and intimate covering layer over the large neuronal cell body in ganglia of PNS

112
Q

Electrically insulate PNS cell bodies

A

Satellite cells

113
Q

regulates nutrients and waste exchange for cell bodies in ganglia

A

Satellite cells

114
Q

Major regions of CNS

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal chord

115
Q

covering of CNS

A

meninges

116
Q

membrane of Connective tissue located bet. bone and nervous tissue of CNS.

A

meninges

117
Q

meninges layers

A

dura matter -taas
arachnoid -gitna
pia matter

118
Q

where can we see the blood vessel

A

subarachnoid space

119
Q

where subdural hematoma happen

A

subarachnoid space

120
Q

tas ng arachnoid

A

subdural space

121
Q

A functional barrier that allows much tighter control than that in most tissue.

A

Blood brain barrier

122
Q

main structure of BBB

A

Capiliary endothelium

where cells are tightly sealed together by occluding junction

123
Q

Choroid plexus

A

consist of highly specialized tissue with elaborate folds and many villi

124
Q

Choroid plexus

A

consist of highly specialized tissue with elaborate folds and many villi

125
Q

remove water from blood and release it as CSF

A

Choroid plexus

126
Q

nerves are also

A

axons

127
Q

nerves

A

bundles of nerve fibers (axon) sorrounded by swann cells and CT.

128
Q

peripheral nerve

A

consist of axon from motor neurons

129
Q

only large myelinated axons have

A

myeline seaths adn nodes of ranvier

130
Q

endonerium

A

sorrounds shwann cells

131
Q

group of axons sorrounded by

A

perinurium

132
Q

sorround perinurium is

A

epinurium

HISTOLOGY (10 decks)

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