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HISTOLOGY > MUSCLE TISSUE > Flashcards

MUSCLE TISSUE Flashcards

1
Q

Composed of cell that optimize the universal cell property of CONTRACTILITY

A

Muscle tisse

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2
Q

muscle tissue is also known as

A

myocytes

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3
Q

Actin microfilaments and associated proteins generate the

A

forces necessary for the muscle contraction, which drives movement within the organ system, of blood, and body as a whole.

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4
Q

bone serves as liever allowing

A

body movement

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5
Q

muscle cells are of ___ origin

A

mesodermal

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6
Q

muscle cell differentiate by

A

a gradual process of cell lengthening with abundant synthesis of the myofibrillar proteins such as actin and myosin.

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7
Q

two filaments that makes muscle contract

A

actin and myosin

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8
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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9
Q

Skeletal muscle contains

A

bundles of very long multinucleated cells with cross striation.

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10
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction is

A

quick, forceful, and usually under voluntary control.

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11
Q

striated muscle

A

skeletal muscle

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12
Q

muscle fiber is also known as

A

muscle cell

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13
Q

why is skeletal muscle multi-nucleated?

A

because individual cells fused

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14
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Also has cross striations and is composed with elongated, often brached cell bound to another at structures called intercalated discs that

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15
Q

structures that are unique to cardiac muscle

A

intercalated discs

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16
Q

contraction is vigorous, involuntary and rhythmic

A

cardiac muscle

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17
Q

has boundaries

A

cardiac muscle

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18
Q

consist of a collection of fusiform cells wich lack striations

A

smooth muscle

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19
Q

smooth muscle movement

A

slow involuntary contraction

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20
Q

like a football

A

fusiform cells

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21
Q

in all types of muscle, contraction is caused by

A

sliding interaction of thick myofilaments along thin actin filaments

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22
Q

cytoplasm of muscle cells is called

A

sacroplasm

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23
Q

the smooth ER is the

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

the muscle cell membrane and its external lamina

A

sarcolemma

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25
Q

increased cell volume

A

hypertrophy

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26
Q

tissue growth by an increase of the number of cells

A

hyperplasia

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27
Q

during exercise, muscle, especially skeletal

A

hypertrophy

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28
Q

location of nucleus of skeletal muscle

A

on top, on sarcolemma

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29
Q

alternating light and dark bands are

A

striations

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30
Q

in between muscle fibers, there are

A

connective tissues

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31
Q

elongated nuclei of skeletal muscle are found in

A

periphery, just under the sarcolemma, a characteristic nuclear location unique to skeletal muscle fiber/cells.

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32
Q

thin layers of connective tissue surround and organize the contractile fibers in

A

all types of muscle (seen specially in skeletal muscle)

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33
Q

epimysium

A

external sheath of dense connective tissue, surrounds the entire muscle, carying the larger nerves blood vessels and lymphatic of the muscle.

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34
Q

perimysium

A

thin connective tissue layer that immediately surrounds each bundle of muscle fiber that is termed as FASCICLE.

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35
Q

endomysium

A

a very thin delicate layer of reticular fiber and scattered fibroblast

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36
Q

sorrounds the external lamina of individual muscle fiber

A

endomysium

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37
Q

sorrounds muscle cells

A

endomysium

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38
Q

some skeletal muscles taper and their ends, where the epimysium is continuous with the dense connective tissue of a tendon at

A

myotendinous junction

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39
Q

how skeletal muscle form?

A

myoblasts—> fuse—-> forms one long muscle fiber

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40
Q

myoblasts

A

immature muscle cells

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41
Q

some myoblasts become

A

satellite cells for support

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42
Q

dark bands are called

A

A bands

because they are anisotropic or birefringent in polarized light microscopy.

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43
Q

light bands are called

A

I bands

isotropic, do not alter the polarized light

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44
Q

refraction into two fragments

A

bifringent

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45
Q

each I band is bisected by a dark transverse line called

A

Z disc

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46
Q

The repetitive functional subunits of the contractile apparatus

A

sarcomere

extends from Z disc to Z disc

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47
Q

bisects A band/ thick myosin filaments

A

M line

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48
Q

where can u see the thick myosin filaments

A

A band

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49
Q

where can u see the thin actin filaments

A

half on I banda half on A band when relax

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50
Q

spaces between actin filaments

A

H zone

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51
Q

The A and I banding pattern in sarcomere is due to

A

mainly the regular arrangement of thick and thin myofilaments composed of myosin and F-actin respectively.

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52
Q

occupy the A band and middle region of the sarcomere

A

thick myosin filaments

53
Q

Myosin has

A

two identical heavy chains and two pair of light chains. GLOBULAR PROJECTION containing 4 myosin light chain from a head at one end of each heavy chain.

54
Q

myosin head binds

A

both actin forming transient cross bridges bet. the thick and thin filaments and ATP (catalyze energy release)

55
Q

the thin helical actin filaments run between the

A

thick filaments

56
Q

each G actin monomer contains

A

a binding site for myosin

57
Q

Actin filaments are anchored perpendicularly to

A

Z disc by the actin-binding protein alpha-actinin.

58
Q

globular heads also known as

A

myosin head

59
Q

Covers the myosin binding site

A

Tropomyosin

60
Q

contraction of a muscle takes place by sliding of thin filaments over the thick filaments

A

sliding filament theory

61
Q

the junction between the motor neuron and the sarcolemma is called

A

neuromuscular junction

it is a synapse

62
Q

neurotransmitter in muscle

A

acetyl choline

63
Q

conformational shape

A

change in shape of the molecule

64
Q

the same length during contraction and relax

A

A band

65
Q

change shape

A

I band

66
Q

no more ATP to break the bind

A

rigor mortis

67
Q

thin filaments are tightly associated with two regulatory protein

A

tropomyosin

troponin

68
Q

troponin subunits

A

TnT- Attaches to the tropomyosin
TnC- Binds calcium
TnI- Regulates actin-myosin interaction

69
Q

Important accessory protein in I band

A

titin- The largest protein in the body, with scaffolding and elastic properties which supports thick myofilaments and connects Z disc.

70
Q

nebulin

A

another large accessory protein binds each myofilaments laterally, helps anchor them to alpha-actinin and specify the length of the actin polymers during myogenesis.

71
Q

H zone

A

lighter zone in between myosin/ in the center of A band

72
Q

walang actin filaments

A

H zone

73
Q

bisects H zone

A

M line
-Contains myosin binding protein called myomesin that holds thick filaments in place and kreatine kinase, this enzyme catalizes transfer of phosphate group from phosphocreatine, a storage from high energy phosphate groups to ADP, helping to supply ATP for contraction of muscle.

74
Q

muscle fiber also known as

A

muscle cell

75
Q

myofibril

A

collection of myofilaments

76
Q

myofilaments

A

actin and myosin

77
Q

the functional unit of cardiac/skeletal muscle

A

sarcomere

78
Q

specialized for calcium sequestration

nagtatago/naglalabas ng calcium

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

79
Q

Transverse of T tubule

A

long fingerlike invagination of the cell that penetrate deeply into the sarcoplasm and encircle every myofibril near the aligned A and I band boundaries of sarcomere.

80
Q

Adjacent to each side of every tubule are expanded terminal cisterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This complex of a T tubule with two closely associated small cisterns of SR on each side is known as

A

triad

81
Q

During contraction

A

neither thick or thin filaments change length

only I band shortened

82
Q

contraction result as overlaping

A

thin and thick filaments of each sarcomere slide past one another

83
Q

contraction is induced when

A

action potential arrive at a synapse, the neuromuscular junction, and is transmitted along the T tubule to the sarcoplasmic reticulum to trigger calcium release.

84
Q

creation of calcium

A

electrical signal –> chemical signal —> release neurotransmitter (acetyl choline) –> go to synapse —> go to receptor of acetyl choline sa sarcolemma —> another action potential –> action potential run up to T tubule —> sarcoplasmic reticulum (stores calcium)

85
Q

in resting mucle, the myosin heads can not bind G actin because

A

the binding sites are blocked by the troponin-tropomyosin complex on the F actin filaments.

86
Q

calcium ions released upon

A

neural stimulation bind troponin C, changing the shape and moving tropomyosin on the F actin to expose myosin-binding site and allow cross-bridge to form.

87
Q

Binding actin produces a

A

conformational change to pivot in the myosins, which pulls thin filaments farther into the A band towards the Z disc.

88
Q

Energy for the pivot and pulling of the actin is provided by the

A

hydrolysis of ATP bound to the myosin heads.

89
Q

___ is an autoimmune disorder that involves circulating antibodies against proteins of acetylcholine receptors. Antibody binding to the antigenic sites interferes with acetylcholine activation of their receptors, leading to intermittent periods of skeletal muscle weakness. As the body attempts to correct the condition, junctional folds of sarcolemma with affected receptors are internalized, digested by lysosomes, and replaced by newly formed receptors. These receptors, however, are again made unresponsive to acetylcholine by similar antibodies, and the disease follows a progressive course. The extraocular muscles of the eyes are commonly the first affected.

A

Myasthenia gravis

90
Q

Striated muscles and myotendinous junctions contain

A

sensory receptors acting as proprioceptors (L. proprius, one’s own + capio, to take), providing the central nervous system (CNS) with data from the musculoskeletal system.

91
Q

proprioceptors

A

sensory receptors that puts our limbs in space

*we are aware

92
Q

specialized receptors located within joints muscles and tendons

A

proprioceptors

93
Q

these receptors are sensitive to both tension and pressure, they play a role in relaying info concerning muscle dynamics to the conscious subconscious part of CNS

They provide brain with info concerning kinesthetic sense or conscious appreciation of the position of body parts with respect to gravity

A

proprioceptors

94
Q

Most of the proprioceptive info is processed at a

A

subconscious level, so we do not havee to dictate conscious activity towards tasks such as maintining posture or position of body parts.

95
Q

Examples of propprioceptors

A

Golgi tendon organs. They are located in tedons near the myotendonous junction and are in series, that are attached end to end, with extrafusial muscle fibers.

96
Q

stretch detectors among muscle fascicles

A

muscle spindles

97
Q

Muscle spindles are

A

skeletal muscle sensory receptors within the body of a muscle that primarily detect changes in length of muscle contributing to fine motor control and providing axial and limb position info to CNS.

98
Q

Muscles that are often active with slow contractions for long periods tend to have

A

more mitochondria for oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production and to have a higher density of surrounding capillaries. Such fibers have high levels of the cytoplasmic protein myoglobin, which contains iron and stores oxygen molecules, giving such fibers a red color in fresh tissue.

99
Q

Muscles specialized for short-term work and fast contractions are typically

A

larger in diameter and depend more heavily on anaerobic (glycolytic) metabolism of glucose, much of which is derived from stored glycogen

100
Q

longitudinal arrays of contractile filaments in cytoplasm of muscle cells

A

myofibrils

101
Q

myofibrils are composed of

A

thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments

102
Q

segment of a myofibril that forms the basic functioning unit of skeletal muscle

A

sarcomere

103
Q

During embryonic development, the mesoderm cells of the primitive heart tube

A

align into chainlike arrays. Rather than fusing into multinucleated cells, as in developing skeletal muscle fibers

104
Q

Cardiac muscle cells forms

A

complex junction between interdigitating processes.

105
Q

Cells within a fiber often

A

branch and bind to cells in adjacent fibers.

106
Q

Cardiac muscle cells has cross striations comparable to

A

skeletal muscle fibers

107
Q

Each cardiac muscle cells containis how many nucleus?

A

one sometimes 2

108
Q

unique and distinguishing characteristic of cardiac muscle is the presence of

A

dark-staining transverse lines that cross the chains of cardiac cells at irregular intervals where the cells join. These intercalated discs represent the interface between adjacent muscle cells and contain many junctional complexes. Transverse regions
of these steplike discs have many desmosomes and fascia
adherentes

109
Q

Cardiac muscle has more mitochondria

A

reflecting their need for continues aerobic metabolism

110
Q

major fuel of the heart. Stored as tryglyceride which can be seen in numerous lipid droplets in many cardiac cells.

A

fatty acids

111
Q

Muscle of ventricle is much thicker than

A

atria

112
Q

Muscles of atria has

A

cytoplasmic granules

release atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) that acts on the target cells of the kidneys to affect sodium and water balance.

113
Q

cardiac muscle contraction

A

intrinsic and spontaneous

114
Q

____ is specialized for slow, steady contraction and is controlled by a variety of involuntary mechanisms

A

Smooth muscle

115
Q

Fibers of smooth muscle (also called visceral muscle)

A

are elongated, tapering, and nonstriated cells, each of which is enclosed by a thin basal lamina and a fine network of reticular fibers, the endomysium.

116
Q

Each cell of smoth muscle has

A

single long nucleus located in cells central, broadest part.

117
Q

____ of smooth muscle cells contain several pumps and ion channels and may serve to organize proteins signaling calcium release at myofibrils.

A

Caveolae

118
Q

in smooth muscles, bundles of thin and thick myofilaments

A

crisscross obliquely through the cells

119
Q

actin filaments lack

A

troponin, using instead calmoudin and calcium sensitive myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in the contraction mechanism.

120
Q

smooth muscle fibers lack

A

MEP’S

121
Q

Because smooth muscle is most often spontaneously active without nervous stimuli, its nerve supply serves primarily to

A

modify activity rather than to initiate it.

122
Q

Smooth muscle receives both

A

adrenergic and cholinergic nerve endings that act antagonistically, stimulating or depressing its activity.

123
Q

Smooth muscle contraction is determined largely by the

A

degree of autonomic innervation and the density of the gap junction; both conditions vary considerably in different organs.

124
Q

Smooth muscle demonstrate the characteristic features of

A

secretory cells

ex: endomysium and basal lamina are produced and deposited by smooth muscle cells.

125
Q

cross sectional

A

pabiolg

126
Q

longitudinal

A

pahaba

127
Q

nucleus of skeletal

A

cross section- gilid

longitudinal-

128
Q

nucleus of cardiac and smooth muscle

A

cross section- nucleus

longitudinal- oval
cross sectional- circle

HISTOLOGY (10 decks)

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