Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HISTOLOGY > BONE > Flashcards

BONE Flashcards

1
Q

Specialized CT composed of calcified ECM

A

bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

calcified ECM is called

A

Bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 major cell types

A

Osteocytes
Oscteoblast
Osteoclast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

purpose of bone

A

Solid support for our body, protects organs and harbors cavities containing bone marrow where blood cells are formed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

formation of blood cells

A

hematopoesis

happens inside the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

formation of blood cells happens where

A

medulary cavity of bone/ bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

serves as reservoir of calcium, phosphate and other ions that can be released in a controlled fashion to maintain constant concentration of body fluid.

A

Bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

normal calcium level

A

8.6-10.3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Aids in movement by forming system of levers that multiply forces generated during muscle contraction.

A

Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

matrix that covers the bone

A

periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

periosteum layer

A

outer fibrous layer

inner cellular layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

perforating fiber

A

sharpey’s fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

attachment to the external circumferential lamellae of bone

A

perforating fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

single unit of a functioning bone

A

osteon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

osteon is also known as

A

Haversian system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

diff parts of osteon

A

central canal

nerve, vein and arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

middle of osteon

A

central canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

bone is highly

A

vascularized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

housing where osteocytes resides in

A

lacuna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lacuna parts

A

osteocyte and canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

so that osteocyte can communicate with other osteocytes that is housed in other lacunae

A

canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

maintain the bone

A

osteocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

has many spaces in between

A

spongey bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where can u see osteon?

A

compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

stemlike structures that weaves and interconnect are called

A

trabeculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

trabeculae contains

A 
Endosteum
Osteoclast
Lamilae
Osteocytes in a lacuna
Canaliculi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

osteons also communicate with one another through

A

perforating canals/ Volkmanns canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

spongey bone also known as

A

cancellous bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

central canal also known as

A

haversian canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

osteaoblast

A

synthesize and secretes organic components of bone matrix ex. type 1 collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

mature osteoblasts location

A

surfaces of the bone matrix, usually side by side in a layer somewhat resembling epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

when actively engaged in matrix synthesis, osteoblast have

A

cuboidal to clumnar shape and basic cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

when their synthesizing activity decline

A

they flatten and basophilia is reduced; inactive osteoblast represent most of flattened bone lining cells in both endosteum and periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

lining of trabeculae of spongey bone

A

endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

osteoblast secretes

A

osteoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

layer of new but not yet calcified material between the osteoblast layer and the pre existing bone surface

A

osteoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

crystal grow and further mineralize with formation of

A

calcium hydroxyapatite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

enclosed within the lacuna that are regularly spaced throughout the mineralized layer

A

osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

these cells maintaine boney matrix

A

osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

osteocytes death followed by

A

rapid matrix resorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

dendritic processes of osteocytes

A

canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

absorbed again to be reused

A

resorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

bone marrow derived, large motile cells and have multiple nuclei involved in resoption and remoddeling of bone tissue./tagasira and remodel

A

osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

they are actually monocytes that becomes macrophage and then the macrophage, nagdikit dikit

A

osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

in areas of bone undergoing resorption osteoclasts lie bet. enzymatically atched depression of cavity in the matrix known as resorption cavities also known as

A

howship lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

External and internal surfaces of bone are covered by tissue layers with bone-forming cells, called

A

periosteum and endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

is organized much like the perichondrium

A

periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The outer layer is dense connective tissue,

with small blood vessels, collagen bundles, and fibroblasts

A

periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Bundles of periosteal collagen fibers, called ____, penetrate the bone matrix, binding the periosteum to bone

A

perforating (or Sharpey) fibers

50
Q

The principal functions of periosteum are to

A

nourish the osseous tissue and provide a continuous supply of new osteoblasts for appositional bone growth or repair

51
Q

___ covers small trabeculae

of bony matrix that project into the marrow cavities

A

endosteum

52
Q

thinner than the

periosteum

A

endosteum

53
Q

endosteum also contains

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and bone lining cells.

54
Q

osteoprogenitor cells can only be

A

osteoblast and osteocytes, not osteoclasts

55
Q

osteoclast came from

A

bone marrow

56
Q

frequently found in immobilized patients and
in postmenopausal women, is an imbalance in skeletal
turnover so that bone resorption exceeds bone formation.

A

Osteoporosis

57
Q

Osteoporosis leads to

A

to calcium loss from bones and reduced bone mineral density (BMD)

58
Q

represents 80% of the total bone mass,

A

compact/ cortical bone

59
Q

constituting about 20% of total bone mass.

A

cancellous (trabecular or spongy) bone

60
Q

In long bones, the bulbous ends—called

A

epiphyses

61
Q

are composed of spongy bone

covered by a thin layer of compact bone.

A

epiphyses

62
Q

The cylindrical part—the

A

diaphysis

63
Q

is almost totally composed of compact bone, with a thin region of spongy bone on the inner surface around the central marrow cavity

A

diaphysis

64
Q

The flat bones that form the calvaria

(skullcap) have two layers of compact bone called

A

plates, separated by a thicker layer of spongy bone called the diploë.

65
Q

Microscopic examination of bone tissue shows two types of organization:

A

lamellar bone and woven bone

66
Q

usually more immature than lamellar bone.

A

woven bone

67
Q

Most bone in adults, compact or cancellous, is organized as

A

lamellar bone

68
Q

characterized by multiple layers or lamellae of calcified matrix

A

lamellar bone

69
Q

lamellar bones are organized

A

either parallel to each other or concentrically around a central canal

70
Q

refers to the complex of concentric lamellae surrounding a small central canal that contains blood vessels, nerves, loose connective tissue, and endosteum

A

osteon (or Haversian system)

71
Q

The outer boundary of each osteon is a more collagen- rich layer called the

A

cement line

72
Q

The central canals communicate with the marrow cavity and the periosteum and with one another through

A

transverse perforating canals (or Volkmann canals)

73
Q

spaces between osteon is occupied by

A

interstitial lamellae

74
Q

remnants of osteon that where partially resorb during bone remodeling

A

interstitial lamellae

75
Q

a fluorescent molecule that binds newly deposited osteoid matrix during mineralization with high affinity and specifically labels new bone under the UV microscope

A

tetracycline

76
Q

important parameter in the diagnosis of certain bone

disorders

A

tetracycline

77
Q

continuous throughout life and involves process of resobption and bone formation

A

bone remodeling

78
Q

in compact bone remodeling

A

resorbs part of old osteon and produces new one

79
Q

is nonlamellar and characterized by random disposition of type I collagen fibers and is the first bone tissue to appear in embryonic development and in fracture repair.

A

Woven bone

80
Q

usually temporary and is replaced in adults by lamellar
bone, except in a very few places in the body, for example, near the sutures of the calvaria and in the insertions of some tendons.

A

Woven bone

81
Q

has a lower mineral content (it is more easily penetrated by x-rays) and often a higher proportion of osteocytes than mature lamellar bone

A

Woven bone

82
Q

forms more quickly but has less strength than lamellar bone.

A

Woven bone

83
Q

Bone development or

A

osteogenesis

84
Q

___, in which osteoblasts

differentiate directly from mesenchyme and begin secreting osteoid.

A

Intramembranous ossification

85
Q

___, in which a preexisting matrix of hyaline cartilage is eroded and invaded by osteoblasts, which then begin osteoid production.

A

Endochondral ossification

86
Q

The names refer to the mechanisms by which the bone forms initially; in Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification and , the bone tissue that appears first is temporary

A

woven bone, which is soon replaced by stronger lamellar bone.

87
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta, or

A

“brittle bone disease,”

88
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta refers to a group of related congenital disorders in which

A

the osteoblasts produce deficient amounts of type I collagen or defective type I collagen due to genetic mutations.

89
Q

Such defects lead to a

A

spectrum of disorders, all characterized by significant fragility of the bones.

90
Q

The ___ is responsible for the growth in length of the bone and disappears at adulthood, causing bone growth to cease.

A

epiphyseal cartilage

91
Q

An epiphyseal growth plate shows distinct regions of

cellular activity and is often discussed in terms of five zones:

A
  1. resting zone
  2. Proliferative zone
  3. Hypertrophic cartilage zone
  4. calcified cartilage zone
  5. ossification zone
92
Q

In summary, growth in length of a long bone occurs by

A

proliferation of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate.At the same time, chondrocytes in the diaphyseal side of the plate hypertrophy, their matrix becomes calcified, and the cells die. Osteoblasts lay down a layer of new bone on the calcified cartilage matrix.

93
Q

Main features of bone fracture repair.

A

(a) A fracture hematoma forms.
(b)A fibrocartilaginous (soft)
callus forms
(c) A hard (bony) callus forms.
(d) The bone is remodeled.

94
Q

The skeleton serves as

A

the calcium reservoir, containing 99% of the body’s total calcium in crystals of hydroxyapatite.

95
Q

1% is in

A

the blood

-free calcium/ionize calcium

96
Q

The principal mechanism for raising blood calcium levels is the

A

mobilization of ions from hydroxyapatite crystals to interstitial fluid, which occurs primarily in cancellous bone.

97
Q

PTH from the

A

parathyroid glands

98
Q

acts in bone to raise low blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and osteocytes to resorb matrix and release Ca2+.

A

PTH from the

99
Q

As discussed earlier the PTH effect on osteoclasts is

A

indirect; PTH receptors occur on osteoblasts, which respond by secreting paracrine factors that stimulate osteoclast activity

100
Q

Calcitonin, synthesized within

A

the thyroid gland,

101
Q

reduces elevated blood calcium levels by opposing the effects of PTH in bone.

A

Calcitonin

102
Q

2 polypeptide hormones that target bone during calcium homeostasis

A

PTH and Calcitonin

103
Q

adjacent bones are capped and held

together firmly by connective tissues

A

joints

104
Q

The type of joint determines

the

A

degree of movement between the bones

105
Q

Synostoses

A

in which bones are united only by bone tissue and no movement takes place. ex. skull bones

106
Q

Syndesmoses

A

join bones by dense connective tissue only. Examples include the interosseous ligament of the inferior tibiofibular joint and the posterior region of the sacroiliac joints.

107
Q

Symphyses

A

are immobile joints with a pad of fibrocartilage between the articular cartilage covering the ends of the bones. All symphyses, such as the pubic symphysis, occur in the midline of the body.

108
Q

diarthroses

A

permit free bone movement

109
Q

In a diarthrosis, ligaments and a capsule of dense connective tissue maintain

A

proper alignment of the bones.

110
Q

The capsule encloses a sealed joint cavity that contains

A

synovial fluid, a clear, viscous liquid.

111
Q

Synovial fluid is derived from

A

blood plasma, but with a high concentration of hyaluronan produced by cells of the synovial membrane.

112
Q

bone-bone

A

ligament

113
Q

muscle-bone

A

tendon

114
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane causes thickening of this connective tissue and stimulates the macrophages to release collagenases and other hydrolytic enzymes. Such enzymes eventually
cause destruction of the articular cartilage, allowing direct contact of the bones projecting into the joint

115
Q

autoimmne disease, antibodies attacking synovial membrane, nawawala si synovial fluid and cartilage= direct contact of bone to bone.

A

rheumatoid arthritis

116
Q

macrophage-like synovial cells (type A) derived from

A

blood monocytes. These cells bind, engulf, and remove tissue debris from synovial fluid.

117
Q

These modified macrophages, which represent approximately 25% of the cells lining the synovium

A

macrophage-like synovial cells (type A) derived from

118
Q

Fibroblastic synovial cells, or type B cells, produce

A

abundant hyaluronan and other extracellular components. = synovial fluid

119
Q

important in regulating inflammatory events within diarthrotic joints.

A

macrophage-like synovial cells (type A) derived from

120
Q

Each intervertebral disc consists mainly of a thick outer layer of fibrocartilage forming a tough____, and a shockabsorbing inner, gel-like core, the ___

A

annulus fibrosus

nucleus pulposus

121
Q

Within an intervertebral disc, collagen loss or other degenerative changes in the annulus fi brosus are often accompanied by displacement of the nucleus pulposus, a condition variously called a

A

slipped or herniated disc

122
Q

This occurs most frequently on the posterior region of
the intervertebral disc where there are fewer collagen
bundles. The affected disc frequently dislocates or shifts
slightly from its normal position. if it moves toward nerve
plexuses, it can compress the nerves and result in severe
pain and other neurologic disturbances. The pain accompanying
a slipped disc may be perceived in areas innervated
by the compressed nerve fi bers—usually the lower
lumbar region.

A

slipped or herniated disc

HISTOLOGY (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions