Nervous System for Speech

Question 1

What is dysarthria?

Answer 1

Disorder of motor production involving abnormalities in movement rates, precision, coordination, and strength in both speech and non-speech movements

Question 2

When is dysarthria present?

Answer 2

Present regardless of task or context

Question 3

What is apraxia?

Answer 3

Impairment in motor programming for speech production, volitional tasks, but often not automatic or involuntary tasks

Question 4

When is apraxia present?

Answer 4

Varies based on task or context, but the more complex a task is the more it will show up

Question 5

What are the 4 major pathways in the motor system?

Answer 5

1.) Direct activation pathway
2.) Indirect activation pathway
3.) Final common pathway
4.) Control circuits

Question 6

What are the pathways of the Upper Motor Neurons?

Answer 6

Direct and indirect activation pathway

Question 7

What 2 structures are part of the control circuits?

Answer 7

Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum

Question 8

What is the pathway called for the Lower Motor Neuron?

Answer 8

The final common pathway

Question 9

What 2 tracts are in the direct activation pathway?

Answer 9

1.) Corticobulbar tract
2.) Corticospinal tract

Question 10

What is another name for the direct activation pathway?

Answer 10

Pyramidal tract

Question 11

What does the corticospinal tract influence?

Answer 11

Activity of spinal nerves

Question 12

What does the corticobulbar tract influence?

Answer 12

Activity of cranial nerves

Question 13

Speech is a part of what tract?

Answer 13

Corticobulbar tract

Question 14

Gestural communication is a part of what tract?

Answer 14

Corticospinal

Question 15

Where does the direct activation pathway terminate?

Answer 15

At lower motor neurons on the contralateral side of the body

Question 16

The direct activation pathway is crucial to what?

Answer 16

Voluntary motor activity

Question 17

Where does the direct activation pathway originate?

Answer 17

Primary motor cortex

Question 18

Where may other fibers of the direct activation pathway originate?

Answer 18

Lateral premotor cortex
Supplementary motor area

Question 19

What is the result of damage to the direct activation pathway?

Answer 19

Weakness and loss or reduction of skilled movement

Question 20

What happens if a UMN lesion is unilateral?

Answer 20

Weakness is on the contralateral side of the body

Question 21

What are the key cranial nerves for speech?

Answer 21

5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12

Question 22

What is a motor cortex map?

Answer 22

Proportion of cortex dedicated to controlling different parts of the body; proportional to complexity of movement

Question 23

In a motor cortex map, which areas are the largest?

Answer 23

Hands and face

Question 24

What is another name for the indirect activation pathway?

Answer 24

Extrapyramidal tract

Question 25

Where is the indirect activation pathway?

Answer 25

Between the cerebral cortex and its destination at the cranial nerves and spinal cord

Question 26

Why is the indirect pathway "indirect"?

Answer 26

They are the supporting pathways in the brainstem

Question 27

What does the indirect activation pathway do?

Answer 27

Helps regulate reflexes and maintain posture and tone

Question 28

How does the indirect pathway support the UMN system?

Answer 28

Provides a foundation on which the UMN system can perform volitional movements

Question 29

What does damage to the indirect activation pathway affect?

Answer 29

Muscle tone and reflexes; muscle contraction

Question 30

How does damage to the indirect pathway manifest?

Answer 30

Spasticity and hyperreflexia

Question 31

What do bilateral lesions of the UMN system cause?

Answer 31

Spastic dysarthria

Question 32

What are 4 impacts on speech with spastic dysarthria?

Answer 32

1.) Imprecise consonants 2.) Harsh vocal quality 3.) Hypernasality 4.) Strained-strangled voice quality

Question 33

What does the final common pathway do?

Answer 33

Generates activity in skeletal muscles for speech

Question 34

What are two consequences of damage to LMN system?

Answer 34

1.) Paresis (weakness) 2.) Paralysis

Question 35

What does paresis in the LMN system look like?

Answer 35

Some of the LMNs supplying the muscle are intact, which others are damaged

Question 36

What does paralysis look like in the LMN system?

Answer 36

Muscle is deprived of input from all of the LMN

Question 37

What is the consequence of the loss of innervation in the LMN system?

Answer 37

Muscle atrophy and loss of bulk Fasciculations (localized twitches)

Question 38

What is a result of damage to the LMN system related to speech?

Answer 38

Flaccid dysarthria

Question 39

What is flaccid dysarthria characterized by in speech?

Answer 39

1.) Hypernasality 2.) Imprecise consonant productions 3.) Breathy voice 4.) Nasal emission

Question 40

How are the motor control circuits different from the direct activation pathways?

Answer 40

They do not have direct contact with lower motor neurons

Question 41

What do the motor control circuits do?

Answer 41

Coordinate, integrate, and control direct and indirect activation pathway activities

Question 42

What are 3 things the basal ganglia control circuit does?

Answer 42

1.) Facilitate intended movements 2.) Prevent/inhibit competing/unwanted movements 3.) Prevent "locking up" of movement

Question 43

What do lesions of the basal ganglia produce?

Answer 43

Profound motor speech disorders

Question 44

What are 2 consequences of damage to the basal ganglia control circuit?

Answer 44

1.) Rigidity 2.) Hypokinetic dysarthria

Question 45

What is hypokinetic dysarthria characterized by?

Answer 45

Reduced movement of articulators

Question 46

What is hyperkinetic dysarthria characterized by?

Answer 46

Emission of grunts, barks, echolalia, coprolalia

Question 47

What are 4 types of involuntary movements?

Answer 47

1.) Chorea 2.) Athetosis 3.) Dystonia 4.) Hyperkinetic dysarthria

Question 48

What is chorea?

Answer 48

Jerky movements

Question 49

What is athetosis?

Answer 49

Involuntary writhing movements

Question 50

What is dystonia?

Answer 50

Abnormal twisting movements of postures

Question 51

What are 3 things the cerebellar control circuit does?

Answer 51

1.) Regulates balance and posture 2.) Coordinates fine-motor tasks such as speaking 3.) Controls correction of planned movements

Question 52

What does the cerebellar control circuit not do?

Answer 52

Initiate or integrate motor activity

Question 53

How does the cerebellar control circuit control speech in 3 ways?

Answer 53

1.) Coordinates contracting and antagonistic muscles 2.) Receives advanced notice of syllabic content of an utternace 3.) Refines temporal and prosodic properties of its physical expression

Question 54

What is ataxia?

Answer 54

Lack of coordination, abnormal gait, disturbance of balance and speech disorder

Question 55

What is dysdiadochokinesia?

Answer 55

Clumsiness with rapid, alternating movements

Question 56

What is dysarthria?

Answer 56

Imprecise articulation, prosody disturbances, resonance disorders, respiration problems, and irregular speech rate

Question 57

What is dysmetria?

Answer 57

Error in distance judgement

Question 58

What is an intention tremor?

Answer 58

Unwanted movement that occurs when a person ends a purposeful task or aims for a target