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Mental Health Flashcards

1
Q

All physical/phenotypic differences in mental health results from a combination of what?

A

Genetics and experience/environment

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2
Q

What does congentital mean?

A

Phenotype an individual was born with

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3
Q

Congential does not mean _____

A

Genetic

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4
Q

What is the goal of psychosocial treatment?

A

Modifying the brain through altered behaviors/attempt to affect behavioral traits

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5
Q

What is the goal of biological treatment?

A

-Modifying the brain through direct chemical or surgical intervention
-Also attempts to affect behavioral traits

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6
Q

What is anxiety?

A

Symptom of activation of the sympathetic nervous system regardless of the stimulus

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7
Q

What are 5 types of anxiety disorders?

A

1.) Phobias
2.) Panic disorder
3.) Agoraphobia
4.) Generalized anxiety disorder
5.) Social phobia/Social anxiety disorder

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8
Q

What is a phobia?

A

Out-sized reaction to environmental stimulus by activating the sympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

What does a phobia represent?

A

A mild threat that over-triggers the anxiety response from the body

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10
Q

What is a panic disorder?

A

Panic attacks; sudden activation of the sympathetic nervous system in the absence of an appropriate triggering stimulus

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11
Q

What are the 7 major symptoms of a panic attack?

A

1.) Sense of impending doom/danger
2.) Fear of loss of control or death
3.) Rapid heart rate
4.) Sweating
5.) Trembling
6.) Shortness of breath
7.) Hyperventilation

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12
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Anxiety induced by fear of an inability to escape from a situation

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13
Q

What is usually associated with agoraphobia?

A

Fear of leaving the home or entering open spaces

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14
Q

What can also be included with agoraphobia?

A

Car or plane travel or being confined in a large crowd

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15
Q

What are 3 characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder?

A

1.) Persistent heightened sense of anxiety
2.) Must persist for 6 months for diagnosis
3.) Not marked by panic attacks

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16
Q

What is physical trauma?

A

Wound caused by sudden physical insult

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17
Q

What is psychiatric trauma?

A

Psychological wounds from seeing/experiencing shocking or troubling events

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18
Q

What is PTSD?

A

Long-term consequences of psychiatric trauma

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19
Q

What is PTSD characterized by?

A

1.) Anxiety
2.) Intrusive memories
3.) Flashbacks
4.) Irritability
5.) Emotional numbness

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20
Q

What are obsessions?

A

Recurrent intrusive thoughts, feelings, impulses

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21
Q

What do obsessions cause?

A

Anxiety

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22
Q

What are compulsions?

A

Repetitive actions or thoughts a person uses to mitigate the anxiety

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23
Q

What 4 things make up the normal stress response?

A

1.) Avoidance behavior
2.) Increased vigilance and arousal
3.) Sympathetic nervous system activation
4.) Cortisol release from the adrenal glands

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24
Q

Which part of the brain oversees the stress response?

A

Hypothalamus

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25
What are the 3 general functions of the hypothalamus?
1.) Humeral 2.) Visceromotor 3.) Somatic
26
What is a humeral function?
Influencing the body through endocrine changes
27
What is a visceromotor function?
Influencing the body through changes in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
28
What is a somatic function?
Influencing the body through changes primarily in skeletal muscle
29
What does the HPA axis stand for?
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis
30
What is the goal of the HPA axis?
Trigger the release of cortisol; key event that triggers symptoms in anxiety
31
What are the 3 steps of the HPA axis?
1.) Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons from hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 2.) CRH triggers release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by pituitary 3.) ACTH triggers release of cortisol by the adrenal glands
32
What 3 things does cortisol do in the body?
1.) Increases glucose in the blood and the body's use of glucose 2.) Helps to inhibit body functions not essential for survival 3.) Creates/amplifies sympathetic nervous system
33
What does an increase to the glucose supply in blood do?
Supports the fight or flight of the sympathetic nervous system
34
What is the influence of the amygdala on the HPA?
1.) Sensory input goes to amygdala 2.) Amygdala stimulates hypothalamus if stimuli induce fear response 3.) HPA is activated
35
What does the hippocampus do when cortisol levels are high?
Inhibits HPA CRH release
36
What can injure the hippocampus?
Chronic high cortisol levels
37
What happens when the hippocampus is injured?
Loss of inhibition of the HPA axis
38
How is the hippocampus involved with stress?
It has receptors for cortisol
39
How is the relationship between cortisol and noise exposure?
1.) Noise exposure triggers non-auditory effects as well as auditory 2.) Includes heightened cortisol release 3.) Particularly if noise is experienced during sleep
40
What is dbA used for?
Measuring auditory impact of noise
41
What is dbC used for?
Non-auditory impacts/effects of noise including traffic, planes, etc to measure cortisol release
42
What are 2 treatment approaches for anxiety?
1.) Psychotherapy 2.) Pharmaceutical
43
What does psychotherapy attempt to do?
To behaviorally modify pathways in the brain
44
What does psychotherapy usually entail?
Uses stimulus immersion to reduce anxiety response to triggering stimuli
45
What does a pharmaceutical approach attempt to do for anxiety?
Uses benzodiazepines and/or SSRIs most commonly
46
What do benzodiazepines do?
Influence GABA's ability to induce IPSPs
47
What is GABA?
A powerful inhibitory NT
48
What does GABA stand for?
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
49
What are benzodiapines effectively used for?
Effective for acute anxiety bouts/attacks
50
What are 2 examples of a benzodiazepine?
1.) Valium 2.) Klonopin
51
What does SSRI stand for?
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor
52
What do SSRIs do?
Serotonin effects can be terminated by re-uptake into pre-synaptic neuron
53
How do SSRIs become effective?
They require chronic use
54
What are affective disorders?
Disorders of the mood
55
What are 2 examples of affective disorders?
1.) Depression 2.) Bipolar disorder
56
How long must major depressive disorder symptoms last?
2 weeks or more
57
What are 8 symptoms of major depression?
1.) Decreased interest or pleasure in activities 2.) Lowered affect 3.) Loss of appetite 4.) Insomnia or hypersomnia 5.) Fatigue 6.) Diminished concentration 7.) Reduced sense of self worth 8.) Thoughts of death
58
What is bipolar disorder characterized by?
Characterized by episodes of mania and often followed by episodes of depression
59
What are 6 mania symptoms?
1.) Inflated self-esteem 2.) Talkativeness 3.) Decreased need to sleep 4.) Racing thoughts 5.) Distractability 6.) Increased goal-directed activity
60
What is Type I Bipolar Depression?
Characterized by manic episodes, with or without depression episodes
61
What is Type II Bipolar depression?
Characterized by hypomania and always associated with depression bouts
62
How is Type II bipolar depression different from major depression?
Depressive episodes are not long enough in duration to be major depression
63
What is the Monoamine hypothesis for affect disorders?
-Affect disorders result from reduction/loss of diffuse regulatory NT systems in the brain -Specific candidate NTs are serotonin and norepinephrine
64
What is the Disthesis-stress hypothesis?
-Genetic predisposition to a disorder caused by an overactive HPA system -Lack of cortisol receptors in hippocampus results from genetics, monoamines, early childhood experiences
65
What are 3 treatments for affective disorders?
1.) Psychotherapy 2.) Electroconvulsive therapy 3.) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
66
What is electroconvulsive therapy?
Induces activation of neurons by loading them with positive electrical charge
67
What is a side effect of electroconvulsive therapy?
Memory Loss
68
What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Same principle as ECT but more focused
69
What are 4 types of antidepressant pharmaceuticals?
1.) Tricyclic antidepressants 2.) SSRIs 3.) Norepinepherine re-uptake inhibitors 4.) MAO inhibitors
70
What do tricyclic antidepressants do?
Inhibit re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
71
What do MAO inhibitors do?
Inhibit breakdown of monoamine NTs
72
What is schizophrenia?
Loss of contact with reality also charactized by disruption of thought, perception, and mood
73
What are 6 symptoms of schizophrenia?
1.) Delusions 2.) Hallucinations 3.) Disorganized speech/behavior 4.) Reduced expression of emotion 5.) Difficulty initiating goal-directed behavior 6.) Memory impairment
74
How is schizophrenia related to tinnitus?
Tinnitus is an auditory hallucination and patients are concerned that this is the path that they are going toward
75
How are attentional disorders characterized?
By inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness
76
How are attentional disorders diagnosed?
They must occur in multiple situations and interfere with normal functionality
77
What is the etiology of attention disorders?
-Unknown, but has been linked to prefrontal cortex and/or basal ganglia -Disruptions in dopamine availability
78
What are 2 treatments for attention disorders?
1.) Behavioral therapy 2.) Psychostimulant drugs
79
What do psychostimulant drugs do?
Inhibit dopamine transporters
80
What are 3 classifying conditions of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
1.) Difficulties with social interaction 2.) Verbal and non-verbal communication deficits 3.) Repetitive behaviors
81
What would explain the social and communication difficulties of ASD?1
A significant underlying contribution from the frontal lobe of the cortex
82
How does the cerebellum relate to autism in 3 ways?
1.) ~30% of those diagnosed with autism have low muscle tone 2.) Gross motor skills and agility are affected 3.) Studies have linked cerebellar dysfunction to autism

SLH Neurology (33 decks)

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