Nervous system Flashcards
What is an EPSP?
Excititory post synaptic potential
What is unique about the enteric nervous system?
No art of it is located in the CNS
Schwann cells
Can only mylonite one axon.
What are the three layers of the meninges
Dura mater, Arachnoid, Pia mater
What are ganglia?
A group of nerve cell bodies located in the PNS
Fast Anterior Grade
Transport from cell body to to synapse.
What are two neurotransmitters that are always inhibitory
GABA and Glycine
What does spinal cord do?
- Acts as highway for information - spinal reflexes - intergration of common learned process like walking
What is type A fiber? Where are they found?
Tye A fibers a large myelinated fibers. The move the more upmost rapidly and are found in the somatic motor and somatic sensory
What types of neuroglia of in the CNS only?
oligodendrocytes, microglial epdymal cells, astrocytes
What does Cholinergic mean?
It releases ACH
What is a converging circuit? What is an example of them?
one cell stimulate by many others. Often after a diverging circuit. Rods in eyes that have a love of information coming to the same place
Epilepsy
Short circuiting between hemispheres. Can be congenital or cause by trauma.
Where are some locations that use ACH
- All neuro-muscular junctions - Pre ganglionic neurons of autonomic nervous system - Post ganglionic neuron of the Parasympathic branch nervous system
Dura Mater
- flexible but can’t change volume to maintain a steady pressure
What is hyper polarization?
membrane has become more negatively chards
What are three methods of removal of neurotransmitter
- Diffusion the uptake by astrocytes - Enzymatic Degradation - Re-uptake by pumps in the neuron
How does tetnus work?
Prevents transmission of glycine from upper motor to lower motorneurons. Stops inhibitions so muscle contractions see occurring. Cause spastic paralysis
Parallel after discharge circuit? What is an example of them?
These create action potential send over time (an echo) (math problems) Where you need information to arrive in a sequence, temporal delay. Can also be used in amplification
What is a nucleus in nervous system?
A group of nerve cell bodies located in the CNS
What is Reverberating circuit? What is an example of them?
impulses from later cells repeatedly stimulate earlier cells in the circuit. Continuous actions potentials sent until something acts to stop them. Used in short term memory
Interneurons
between other neurons
What is the visceral motor division
Autonomic Nervous system. It is motor only, mean self governing.
What is the primary Neurotransimitter that is not amino acid based?
ACH
What does adrenergic and are the generally extort or inhibitory?
Epinephrin and Norepinephrin. Exititory.
What do neurons modulators do?
Can change the nimble of receptors
How does strychnine work?
Similar to tetnus. prevents glycine binding. But it binds to glycine receptors causing titanic contractions
What are two Indolaminines?
Seratonin and Histamine
What is saltatory conduction?
Insulated conduction with myelinated fibers
What the primary function Epinephrin and Norepinephrin
“Flight of Fight”
What are somatic sensory nerves?
Information coming from outside the body
What is continuous conduction?
propagation of an action potential in unmylinated fibers. Requires step by step depolarization along the axolemma
What the the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system? And what are they for
Sympathertic (fight or flight) Parasypathetic (rest and digest)
Slow Anterior Grade
Cause by hydrostatic pressure gradient the cause then cytoplasm move along 1/2 mm to 1.5 mm per day
Where do you find unipolar neurons
All somatic sensory and most visceral sensory use unipolar neurons. Cell bodies are located in dorsal root ganglia
Describe and Excititory Andrgrenic Synapse with Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine bind to a receptor which releases g- proteins ( up to 100 of them), they bind to edentate cycles that converts ATP to cAMP. The cAMP has a lot of ways it can work from there.
What neurotransmitter is always inhibitory?
Glycine is always an inhibitory neurotransmitter
What are characteristic of neuropeptide neurotransmitters what is two examples?
- long lasting - act at lower concentrations - stored in axon terminal Example: endophins and Enkelphalins
What functions of astrocytes?
-form blood brain barrier - metabolize neurotransmitter - regulate calcium - provide structural support
What are advantages or a secondary messenger system system? What are dis-advantages?
It can create enormous amplification of a small amount of neurotransmitter. It slow and hard to turn off
Describe an bi-polar neuron
Once dendrite er axon. Only in special sensory cell such as olfactory, ear, retina
What are 3 types of chemical
axodendritic axoaxonic axo somatic - axon to cell body
What is a nerve vs. a tract?
A nerve is a bundle of axons located in the peripheral nervous system. A tracts is a bundle of axons located in the central nervous system,
What is a diverging circuit? What is an example of them?
Single cell stimulate many others. Use for redundancy and for the parasympathetic nervous system to disimentate signals everytway quickly
Which types or in the PNS only?
Satellite cell and schwann cell
Describe a uni-polar neuron
dendrites get “summed in trigger zone and don’t need to go through the cell body
Which neurons move away form CNS?
Efferent/Motor neurons
What are possible way cAMP will work as a secondary messager
- Enzyme Acitivation, Genetic Regulation, open a ligand gated channel.
What is an IPSP?
Inhibitory post synaptic potential
What is a graded potential?
Any sub- threshold event that disturbs the resting membrane potential
What is the function of Oligodendrocytes
Myolinate the axons in CNS Can myelinated more than one cell (up to 20)
What are the basic functions of the nervous system?
1) Take in sensory information 2) Integration 3) Reaction
Retrograde
synaptic end bulbs up to the cell body (example picking choline back up)
How do anesthetics ending in “caine” work? Novacaine? Cocaine?
blocks voltage regulated sodium gates. Brain will not get signal. Stop impulse before is gets to CNS
What are three catecholamines?
Epinephrin and Norepinephrin and Dopamine
What it he homologue to the oligodendrocyte in the PNS
Schwann cells
Describe an anoxic neuron
allows informations transmitted on over a very short distance in visual processes.
What are the three types of movement in an axon?
Slow anterior grade, fast anterior grade, and retrograde
What is a type B fiber? Where are they found?
Small myelinated fibers. all prep ganglionic neurons.
What is depolarization
membrane has become more positively charged
What is an afferent neuron>
Move toward CNS (sensory)
Describe a multipolar neuron
is has many dendrites to one axon
What are the basic functions of the nervous system?
1) Take in sensory information 2) Integration 3) Reaction
What is the most common neural structure what where are they found?
Multipolar. Found in the efferent motor neurons and in the interneurons
What is the Axon Hillock?
It sums the graded potentials in the dendrites and sends or doesn’t sent an action potential. It it located on the axon end of the cell bod
What is MS?
A de-mylinating condition. Action potential won’t conduct over their whole length and cause short circuiting
