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Bio 231 -PCC > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an EPSP?

A

Excititory post synaptic potential

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2
Q

What is unique about the enteric nervous system?

A

No art of it is located in the CNS

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3
Q

Schwann cells

A

Can only mylonite one axon.

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4
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid, Pia mater

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5
Q

What are ganglia?

A

A group of nerve cell bodies located in the PNS

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6
Q

Fast Anterior Grade

A

Transport from cell body to to synapse.

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7
Q

What are two neurotransmitters that are always inhibitory

A

GABA and Glycine

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8
Q

What does spinal cord do?

A
  • Acts as highway for information - spinal reflexes - intergration of common learned process like walking
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9
Q

What is type A fiber? Where are they found?

A

Tye A fibers a large myelinated fibers. The move the more upmost rapidly and are found in the somatic motor and somatic sensory

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10
Q

What types of neuroglia of in the CNS only?

A

oligodendrocytes, microglial epdymal cells, astrocytes

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11
Q

What does Cholinergic mean?

A

It releases ACH

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12
Q

What is a converging circuit? What is an example of them?

A

one cell stimulate by many others. Often after a diverging circuit. Rods in eyes that have a love of information coming to the same place

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13
Q

Epilepsy

A

Short circuiting between hemispheres. Can be congenital or cause by trauma.

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14
Q

Where are some locations that use ACH

A
  • All neuro-muscular junctions - Pre ganglionic neurons of autonomic nervous system - Post ganglionic neuron of the Parasympathic branch nervous system
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15
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • flexible but can’t change volume to maintain a steady pressure
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16
Q

What is hyper polarization?

A

membrane has become more negatively chards

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17
Q

What are three methods of removal of neurotransmitter

A
  • Diffusion the uptake by astrocytes - Enzymatic Degradation - Re-uptake by pumps in the neuron
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18
Q

How does tetnus work?

A

Prevents transmission of glycine from upper motor to lower motorneurons. Stops inhibitions so muscle contractions see occurring. Cause spastic paralysis

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19
Q

Parallel after discharge circuit? What is an example of them?

A

These create action potential send over time (an echo) (math problems) Where you need information to arrive in a sequence, temporal delay. Can also be used in amplification

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20
Q

What is a nucleus in nervous system?

A

A group of nerve cell bodies located in the CNS

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21
Q

What is Reverberating circuit? What is an example of them?

A

impulses from later cells repeatedly stimulate earlier cells in the circuit. Continuous actions potentials sent until something acts to stop them. Used in short term memory

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22
Q

Interneurons

A

between other neurons

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23
Q

What is the visceral motor division

A

Autonomic Nervous system. It is motor only, mean self governing.

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24
Q

What is the primary Neurotransimitter that is not amino acid based?

A

ACH

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25
Q

What does adrenergic and are the generally extort or inhibitory?

A

Epinephrin and Norepinephrin. Exititory.

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26
Q

What do neurons modulators do?

A

Can change the nimble of receptors

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27
Q

How does strychnine work?

A

Similar to tetnus. prevents glycine binding. But it binds to glycine receptors causing titanic contractions

28
Q

What are two Indolaminines?

A

Seratonin and Histamine

29
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Insulated conduction with myelinated fibers

30
Q

What the primary function Epinephrin and Norepinephrin

A

“Flight of Fight”

31
Q

What are somatic sensory nerves?

A

Information coming from outside the body

32
Q

What is continuous conduction?

A

propagation of an action potential in unmylinated fibers. Requires step by step depolarization along the axolemma

33
Q

What the the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system? And what are they for

A

Sympathertic (fight or flight) Parasypathetic (rest and digest)

34
Q

Slow Anterior Grade

A

Cause by hydrostatic pressure gradient the cause then cytoplasm move along 1/2 mm to 1.5 mm per day

35
Q

Where do you find unipolar neurons

A

All somatic sensory and most visceral sensory use unipolar neurons. Cell bodies are located in dorsal root ganglia

36
Q

Describe and Excititory Andrgrenic Synapse with Norepinephrine

A

Norepinephrine bind to a receptor which releases g- proteins ( up to 100 of them), they bind to edentate cycles that converts ATP to cAMP. The cAMP has a lot of ways it can work from there.

37
Q

What neurotransmitter is always inhibitory?

A

Glycine is always an inhibitory neurotransmitter

38
Q

What are characteristic of neuropeptide neurotransmitters what is two examples?

A
  • long lasting - act at lower concentrations - stored in axon terminal Example: endophins and Enkelphalins
39
Q

What functions of astrocytes?

A

-form blood brain barrier - metabolize neurotransmitter - regulate calcium - provide structural support

40
Q

What are advantages or a secondary messenger system system? What are dis-advantages?

A

It can create enormous amplification of a small amount of neurotransmitter. It slow and hard to turn off

41
Q

Describe an bi-polar neuron

A

Once dendrite er axon. Only in special sensory cell such as olfactory, ear, retina

42
Q

What are 3 types of chemical

A

axodendritic axoaxonic axo somatic - axon to cell body

43
Q

What is a nerve vs. a tract?

A

A nerve is a bundle of axons located in the peripheral nervous system. A tracts is a bundle of axons located in the central nervous system,

44
Q

What is a diverging circuit? What is an example of them?

A

Single cell stimulate many others. Use for redundancy and for the parasympathetic nervous system to disimentate signals everytway quickly

45
Q

Which types or in the PNS only?

A

Satellite cell and schwann cell

46
Q

Describe a uni-polar neuron

A

dendrites get “summed in trigger zone and don’t need to go through the cell body

47
Q

Which neurons move away form CNS?

A

Efferent/Motor neurons

48
Q

What are possible way cAMP will work as a secondary messager

A
  • Enzyme Acitivation, Genetic Regulation, open a ligand gated channel.
49
Q

What is an IPSP?

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

50
Q

What is a graded potential?

A

Any sub- threshold event that disturbs the resting membrane potential

51
Q

What is the function of Oligodendrocytes

A

Myolinate the axons in CNS Can myelinated more than one cell (up to 20)

52
Q

What are the basic functions of the nervous system?

A

1) Take in sensory information 2) Integration 3) Reaction

53
Q

Retrograde

A

synaptic end bulbs up to the cell body (example picking choline back up)

54
Q

How do anesthetics ending in “caine” work? Novacaine? Cocaine?

A

blocks voltage regulated sodium gates. Brain will not get signal. Stop impulse before is gets to CNS

55
Q

What are three catecholamines?

A

Epinephrin and Norepinephrin and Dopamine

56
Q

What it he homologue to the oligodendrocyte in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

57
Q

Describe an anoxic neuron

A

allows informations transmitted on over a very short distance in visual processes.

58
Q

What are the three types of movement in an axon?

A

Slow anterior grade, fast anterior grade, and retrograde

59
Q

What is a type B fiber? Where are they found?

A

Small myelinated fibers. all prep ganglionic neurons.

60
Q

What is depolarization

A

membrane has become more positively charged

61
Q

What is an afferent neuron>

A

Move toward CNS (sensory)

62
Q

Describe a multipolar neuron

A

is has many dendrites to one axon

63
Q

What are the basic functions of the nervous system?

A

1) Take in sensory information 2) Integration 3) Reaction

64
Q

What is the most common neural structure what where are they found?

A

Multipolar. Found in the efferent motor neurons and in the interneurons

65
Q

What is the Axon Hillock?

A

It sums the graded potentials in the dendrites and sends or doesn’t sent an action potential. It it located on the axon end of the cell bod

66
Q

What is MS?

A

A de-mylinating condition. Action potential won’t conduct over their whole length and cause short circuiting

Bio 231 -PCC (19 decks)

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