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Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Nervous System

Anatomy of Nervous System

A

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and may be divided into two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of cranial nerves, which carry impulses between the brain and neck and head, and spinal nerves, which carry messages between the spinal cord and abdomen, limbs and chest.

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2
Q

Nervous System

Function of Nervous System

A

The nervous system forms a complex communication system allowing for the coordination of body functions and activities. As a whole, the nervous system is designed to detect changes inside and outside the body, to evaluate this sensory information, and send directions to muscle or glands in response. This system also provides for mental activities such as thought, memory and emotions.

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3
Q

Nervous System

brain

A

contained within the cranium, the center for coordinating body activities

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4
Q

Nervous System

cerebrum

A

largest portion of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres. The cerebrum controls the skeletal muscle, interprets general senses (such as temp., pain, and touch), and contains centers for sight and hearing. Intellect, memory, and emotional reactions also take place in the cerebrum

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5
Q

Nervous System

ventricles

A

spaces within the brain that contain fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. The cerebrospinal fluid flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord.

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6
Q

Nervous System

cerebellum

A

located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum. Its function is to assist in the coordination of skeletal muscles and to maintain balancee (also called hindbrain)

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7
Q

Nervous System

brainstem

A

stemlike portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. 10 of the 12 cranial nerves orginate in the brainstem.

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8
Q

Nervous System

pons

A

literally means bridge. It connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and brainstem

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9
Q

Nervous System

medulla oblongata

A

located between the pons and spinal cord. It contains the centers that control respiration, heart rate, and the muscles in the blood vessel walls, which assist in determning blood pressure

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10
Q

Nervous System

midbrain

A

most superior portion of the brainstem

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11
Q

Nervous System

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

clear, odorless fluid contained in the ventricles that flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord. It cushions the brain and spinal cord from shock, transports nutrients and clears metabolic waste.

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12
Q

Nervous System

spinal cord

A

passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the second lumbar vertebra. The spinal cord conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information without input from the brain

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13
Q

Nervous System

meninges

A

three layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

Nervous System

dura mater

A

tough outer layer of the meninges

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15
Q

Nervous System

arachnoid

A

delicate middle layer of the meninges. It is loosely attached to the pia mater by weblike fibers, which allow for the subarachnoid space.

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16
Q

Nervous System

pia mater

A

thin inner layer of the meninges

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17
Q

Nervous System

nerve

A

cordlike structure made up of fibers that carries impulses from one part of the body to another. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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18
Q

Nervous System

ganglion (pl. ganglia)

A

group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system

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19
Q

Nervous System

glia

A

specialized cells that support and nourish nervous tissue. Some cells assist in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid and others assist with phagocytosis. they do not conduct impulses. three types of glia are astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia (also called neuroglia)

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20
Q

Nervous System

neuron

A

a nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses to carry out the function of the nervous system. Destroyed neurons cannot be replaced

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21
Q

Nervous System

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

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22
Q

Nervous System

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum, brain

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23
Q

Nervous System

dur/o

A

hard, dura mater

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24
Q

Nervous System

encephal/o

A

brain

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25
Q

Nervous System

gangli/o, ganglion/o

A

ganglion

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26
Q

Nervous System

gli/o

A

glia, gluey substance

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27
Q

Nervous System

mening/o, meningi/o

A

meninges

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28
Q

Nervous System

neur/o

A

nerve

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29
Q

Nervous System

radic/o, radicul/o, rhiz/o

A

nerve root (proximal end of a peripheral nerve, closest to the spinal cord)

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30
Q

Nervous System

esthesi/o

A

sensation, sensitivity, feeling

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31
Q

Nervous System

ment/o, psych/o

A

mind

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32
Q

Nervous System

mon/o

A

one, single

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33
Q

Nervous System

phas/o

A

speech

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34
Q

Nervous System

poli/o

A

gray matter

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35
Q

Nervous System

quadr/i

A

four

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36
Q

Nervous System

-iatrist

A

specialist, physician (logist also means specialist)

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37
Q

Nervous System

-iatry

A

treatment, specialty

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38
Q

Nervous System

-ictal

A

seizure, attack

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39
Q

Nervous System

-paresis

A

slight paralysis (-plegia also mean paralysis)

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40
Q

Nervous System

cerebellitis (ser-e-bel-I-tis)

A

inflammation of the cerebellum

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41
Q

Nervous System

cerebral thrombosis (se-RE-bral throm-BO-sis)

A

pertaining to the cerebrum, abnormal condition of a clot (blood clot in a blood vessel of the brain) (cause of ischemic stroke)

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42
Q

Nervous System

duritis (du-RI-tis)

A

inflammation of the dura mater

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43
Q

Nervous System

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

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44
Q

Nervous System

encephalpmalacia (en-sef-a-lo-ma-LA-sha)

A

softening of the brain

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45
Q

Nervous System

encephalomyeloradiculitis (en-sef-a-lo-mi-e-lo-ra-dik-u-LI-tis)

A

inflammation of the brain spinal cord, and nerve roots.

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46
Q

Nervous System

ganglitis

A

inflammation of the ganglion

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47
Q

Nervous System

glioblastoma

A

tumor composed of developing glial tissue (most common and most malignant tumor of the brain)

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48
Q

Nervous System

glioma

A

tumor composed of the glial tissue (used to describe all primary neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord)

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49
Q

Nervous System

meningioma

A

tumor of the meninges (benign and slow growing)

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50
Q

Nervous System

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

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51
Q

Nervous System

meningocele (me-NING-go-sel)

A

protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord (also called myelomeningocele)

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52
Q

Nervous System

monoeuropathy (mon-o-nu-ROP-a-the)

A

disease affecting a single nerve

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53
Q

Nervous System

neuralgia (nu-RAL-ja)

A

pain in the nerve

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54
Q

Nervous System

neurasthenia (nu-ras-THE-ne-a)

A

nerve weakness

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55
Q

Nervous System

neuritis

A

inflammation of the nerve

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56
Q

Nervous System

neuroarthropathy

A

disease of nerves and joints

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57
Q

Nervous System

neuroma

A

tumor made up of nerve cells

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58
Q

Nervous System

neuropathy

A

disease of the nerves (peripheral)

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59
Q

Nervous System

poliomyelitis

A

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord (commonly called polio and caused by one of 3 viruses)

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60
Q

Nervous System

polyneuritis

A

inflammation of many nerves

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61
Q

Nervous System

polyneuropathy

A

disease of many nerves

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62
Q

Nervous System

radiculitis

A

inflammarion of the nerve roots

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63
Q

Nervous System

radiculopathy

A

disease of the nerve root

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64
Q

Nervous System

rhizomeningomyelitis

A

inflammation of the nerve root, meninges, and spinal cord

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65
Q

Nervous System

subdural hematoma

A

pertaining to below the dura mater, tumor of blood

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66
Q

Nervous System

alzheimer disease (AD)

A

disease characterized by early dementia, confusion, loss of recognition of persons, or fimiliar surroundings, restlessness and impaired memory

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67
Q

Nervous System

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of the spinal cord that control muscles (also called Lou Gehrig disease)

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68
Q

Nervous System

Bell palsy

A

paralysis of muscles on one side of the face, usually a temporary condition. signs include a sagging mouth on the affected side and nonclosure of the eyelid

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69
Q

Nervous System

cerebral aneurysm

A

aneurysm in the cerebrum

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70
Q

Nervous System

cerebral embolism

A

an embolus lodges in a cerebral artery, causing a sudden blockage of blood supply to the brain tissue.

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71
Q

Nervous System

cerebral palsy (CP)

A

condition characterized by lack of muscle control and partial paralysis, caused by a brain defect or lesion present at birth or shortly after

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72
Q

Nervous System

dementia

A

cognitive impairment characterized by a loss of intellectual brain function

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73
Q

Nervous System

epilepsy

A

condition characterized by recurrent seizures; a general term for abnormal electrical activity in the brain

74
Q

Nervous System

hydrocephalus

A

increase amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain, which can cause enlargement of the cranium in infants

75
Q

Nervous System

intracerebral hemorrhage

A

bleeding in the brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel within the brain. symptoms vary depending on the location of the hemorrhage; hemorrhagic stroke, is frequently associated with high blood pressure

76
Q

Nervous System

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

degenerative disease characterized by sclerotic patches along the brain and spinal cord. Signs and symptoms are variable and fluctuate over the course of the disease. More common symptoms include fatigue, balance and coordination impairments, numbness, and vision problems

77
Q

Nervous System

parkinson disease (PD)

A

chronic degenerative diseaseof the central nervous system. Signs and symptoms include resting tremors of the hands and feet, rigidity, expressionless face, and shuffling gait. It usually occurs after the age of 50 years

78
Q

Nervous System

sciatica

A

inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from the thigh through the leg to the foot and toes; can be caused by injury, infection, arthritis, herniated disk, or from prolonged pressure on the nerve from sitting for long periods.

79
Q

Nervous System

shingles

A

viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves (also called herpes zoster)

80
Q

Nervous System

stroke

A

occurs when there is an interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients. The cells cannot perform and may be damaged or die withing minutes. Ischemic stroke is a result of a blocked blood vessel. Hemorrhagic stroke is a result of bleeding. (also called cerebrovascular accident [CVA] or brain attack)

81
Q

Nervous System

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

bleeding caused by a ruptured blood vessel just outside the brain that rapidly fills the space between the brain and skull with blood.

82
Q

Nervous System

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time. Symptoms are similar to a stroke, but the outcome is complete recovery. TIA’s are often warning signs for eventual occurence of a stroke

83
Q

Nervous System

ganglionectomy

A

excision of a ganglion (also called gangliectomy)

84
Q

Nervous System

neurectomy

A

excision of the nerve

85
Q

Nervous System

neurolysis

A

separating a nerve (from adhesion)

86
Q

Nervous System

neuroplasty

A

surgical repair of a nerve

87
Q

Nervous System

neurorrhaphy

A

suture of a nerve

88
Q

Nervous System

neurotomy

A

incision into a nerve

89
Q

Nervous System

radicotomy, rhizotomy

A

incision into a nerve root

90
Q

Nervous System

cerebral angiography

A

radiographic imaging of the blood vessels in the brain

91
Q

Nervous System

CT myelography

A

process of recording the spinal cord

92
Q

Nervous System

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

record of the electrical impulses of the brain

93
Q

Nervous System

electroencephalograph

A

instrument used to record the electrical impulses of the brain

94
Q

Nervous System

electroencephalography

A

process of recording the electrical impulses of the brain

95
Q

Nervous System

computed tomography of the brain (CT scan)

A

process that includes the use of a computer to produce a series of brain tissue images at any desired depth. The procedure is painless and particularly useful in diagnosing brain tumors

96
Q

Nervous System

magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine

A

a noninvasive technique that produces sectional images of soft tissues of the brain or spine through a strong magnetic field. Unlike CT scan, MRI produces images without use of radiation.

97
Q

Nervous System

positron emission tomography of the brain (PET scan)

A

nuclear medicine imaging technique with a radioactive substance that produces sectional imaging of the brain to examine blood flow and metabolic activity.

98
Q

Nervous System

evoked potential studies (EP studies)

A

a group of diagnostic tests that measure changes and responses in brain waves elicited by visual, auditory, or somatosensory stumuli.

99
Q

Nervous System

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae. (also called a spinal tap)

100
Q

Nervous System

anesthesia

A

without (loss of) feeling or sensation

101
Q

Nervous System

aphasia

A

condition of without speaking

102
Q

Nervous System

cephalalgia

A

pain in the head (also called cephalgia)

103
Q

Nervous System

cerebral

A

pertaining to the cerebrum

104
Q

Nervous System

craniocerebral

A

pertaining to the cranium and cerebrum

105
Q

Nervous System

dysphasia

A

condition of difficulty speaking

106
Q

Nervous System

encephalosclerosis

A

hardening of the brain

107
Q

Nervous System

gliocyte

A

glial cell

108
Q

Nervous System

hemiparesis

A

slight paralysis of half (right or left side of the body)

109
Q

Nervous System

hemiplegia

A

paralysis of half, stroke is the most common cause

110
Q

Nervous System

hyperesthesia

A

excessive sensitivity

111
Q

Nervous System

interictal

A

occuring between seizures or attacks

112
Q

Nervous System

intracerebral

A

pertaining to within the cerebrum

113
Q

Nervous System

mental

A

pertaining to the mind

114
Q

Nervous System

monoparesis

A

slight paralysis of one limb

115
Q

Nervous System

monoplegia

A

paralysis of one limb

116
Q

Nervous System

myelomalacia

A

softening of the spinal cord

117
Q

Nervous System

neuroid

A

resembling a nerve

118
Q

Nervous System

neurologist

A

physician who studies and treats diseases of the nerves

119
Q

Nervous System

neurology

A

study of nerves

120
Q

Nervous System

panplegia

A

total paralysis (also spelled pamplegia

121
Q

Nervous System

paresthesia

A

abnormal sensation

122
Q

Nervous System

postictal

A

occuring after a seizure or attack

123
Q

Nervous System

preictal

A

occuring before a seizure or attack

124
Q

Nervous System

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of 4 limbs

125
Q

Nervous System

subdural

A

pertaining to below the dura mater

126
Q

Nervous System

afferent

A

conveying toward a center

127
Q

Nervous System

ataxia

A

lack of muscle coordination

128
Q

Nervous System

cognitive

A

pertaining to the mental processes of comprehension, judgement, memory, and reason

129
Q

Nervous System

coma

A

state of profound unconsciousness

130
Q

Nervous System

concsussion

A

injury to the brain caused by major or minor head trauma; symptoms include vertigo, headache, and possible loss o consciousness

131
Q

Nervous System

conscious

A

awake, alert, aware of one’s surroundings

132
Q

Nervous System

convulsion

A

sudden, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles; may be present during seizure

133
Q

Nervous System

disorientation

A

a state of mental confusion as to time, place or identity

134
Q

Nervous System

dysarthria

A

the inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or central nervous system

135
Q

Nervous System

efferent

A

conveying away from the center

136
Q

Nervous System

gait

A

a manner or style of walking

137
Q

Nervous System

incoherent

A

unable to express one’s thoughts or ideas in an orderly, intelligible manner

138
Q

Nervous System

paraplegia

A

paralysis from the waist down caused by damage to the lower level of the spinal cord

139
Q

Nervous System

seizure

A

sudden surge of abnormal electrical activity in the brain, resulting in involuntary body movements or behaviors

140
Q

Nervous System

shunt

A

tube implanted in the body to redirect the flow of a fluid

141
Q

Nervous System

syncope

A

fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum

142
Q

Nervous System

unconsciousness

A

state of being unaware of surroundings and incapable of responding to stimuli as a result of injury, shock, illness or drugs

143
Q

Nervous System

psychiatrist

A

a physician who studies and treats disorders of the mind

144
Q

Nervous System

psychiatry

A

specialty of the mind

145
Q

Nervous System

psychogenic

A

originating in the mind

146
Q

Nervous System

psychologist

A

specialist of the mind

147
Q

Nervous System

pyschology

A

study of the mind

148
Q

Nervous System

psychopathy

A

disease of the mind

149
Q

Nervous System

psychosis

A

abnormal condition of the mind

150
Q

Nervous System

psychosomatic

A

pertaining to the mind and body

151
Q

Nervous System

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by a disturbed perception of body image.

152
Q

Nervous System

anxiety disorder

A

an emotional disorder characterized by feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness arising from anticipation of unreal or imagined danger

153
Q

Nervous System

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

a disorder of learning and behavioral problems characterized by marked inattention, distractability, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity

154
Q

Nervous System

autism

A

features include onset during infancy or childhood, preoccupation with subjective mental activity, inability to interact socially, and impaired communication.

155
Q

Nervous System

bipolar disorder

A

a major psychological disorder typified by a disturbance in mood. the

156
Q

Nervous System

bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by uncontrolled binge eating followed by pruging

157
Q

Nervous System

major depression

A

a mood disturbance characterized by feeling of sadness, despair, discouragement.

158
Q

Nervous System

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

intrusive unwanted thoughts that result in the tendency to perform repetitive acts or rituals

159
Q

Nervous System

panic attack

A

sudden onset of acute anxiety, occurring unpredictably, with feelings of acute apprehension… etc

160
Q

Nervous System

phobia

A

a marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable cued by the presence or anticipation

161
Q

Nervous System

pica

A

compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or ice. Often because of iron deficiency. It that is the cause it will disappear in 1 or 2 weeks

162
Q

Nervous System

schizophrenia

A

any one of a large group of psychotic disorders with gross distortions of reality

163
Q

Nervous System

somatoform disorders

A

disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists

164
Q

Nervous System

AD

A

Alzheimer disease

165
Q

Nervous System

ADHD

A

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

166
Q

Nervous System

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

167
Q

Nervous System

CNS

A

central nervous system

168
Q

Nervous System

CP

A

cerebral palsy

169
Q

Nervous System

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid

170
Q

Nervous System

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident

171
Q

Nervous System

EEG

A

electroencephalogram

172
Q

Nervous System

EP studies

A

evoked potential studies

173
Q

Nervous System

LP

A

lumbar puncture

174
Q

Nervous System

MRI scan

A

magnetic resonance imaging scan

175
Q

Nervous System

MS

A

multiple sclerosis

176
Q

Nervous System

OCD

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder

177
Q

Nervous System

PD

A

parkinson disease

178
Q

Nervous System

PET scan

A

positron emission tomography scan

179
Q

Nervous System

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system

180
Q

Nervous System

PTSD

A

posttraumatic stress disorder

181
Q

Nervous System

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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