Nervous System 2 Flashcards
afferent
carry or move inward or toward a central structure
blood-brain barrier
protective mechanism that blocks specific substances found in the bloodstream from entering delicate brain tissue.
efferent
carry or move away from a central structure
limbic system
complex neural system located beneath the cerebrum that controls basic emotions and drives and play an important role in memory
neurilemma
additonal external myelin sheath that is formed by Schwann cells and found only on axons in the peripheral nervous system
ventricle
organ chamber or cavity tht receives or holds fluid
cerebr/o
cerebrum
crani/o
cranium (skull)
encephal/o
brain
gangli/o
ganglion (knot or knotlike mass)
gli/o
glue; neuroglial tissue
kinesi/o
movement
lept/o
thin, slender
lex/o
word, phrase
mening/o
meningi/o
meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)
myel/o
bone marrow; spinal cord
narc/o
stupor; numbess, sleep
neur/o
nerve
radicul/o
nerve root
sthen/o
strength
thalam/o
thalamus
thec/o
sheath (usually refers to meninges)
ton/o
tension
ventricul/o
ventricle (of the heart or brain)
-algesia
pain
-asthenia
weakness, debility
-esthesia
feeling
-kinesia
movement
-lepsy
seizure
-paresis
partial paralysis
-taxia
order, coordination
pachy-
thick
agnosia
inability to comprehend auditory, visual, spatial, olifactory, or other sensations, even though the sensory sphere is intact
asthenia
weakness, deblitiy, or loss of strength
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination in the exacution of voluntary movement
closed head trauma
injury to the head in which the dura mater remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed
concussion
injury to the brain, occasionally with transient loss of consciousness, as a result of trauma to the head
convulsion
any sudden and violent contraction of one or more voluntary muscles.
dementia
broad term that refers to cognitive deficit, including memeory impairment
dyslexia
inability to learn and process written language, despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability, and exposure
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves in which myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness.
Huntington chorea
inherited disease of the CNS characterized by quick, involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration
hydrocephalus
accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure (ICP), thinning of brain tissue, seperation of cranial bones.
Acquried-hyrdocephalus that develops at birth or any time afterward as a result of injury or disease
Congenital-hyrdocephalus caused by factors that occur during fetal development or as a result of genetic abnormalities.
lethargy
abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli
anencephaly
congenital deformity in which some of all of fetal brain is missing
spinal bifida
congenital deformity of the neural tube which fails to close during fetal development, AKA neural tube defect
meningocele
form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord develops properly but the meninges protrude through the spine
myelomeningocele
most severe form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine
occulta
form of spina bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed and the spianl cord is covered with a layer of skin
palsy
paralysis, usually partial, and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor
Bell-facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of teh seventh cranial nerve
Cerebral-type of paralysis that affects movement and body position and, sometimes speech and learning ability
paralysis
loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation
hemiplegia
paralysis of one side of the body, typically as the result of a stroke, also called unilateral paralysis
paraplegia
paralysis of both lower limbs, typically as a result of truama or disease of the lower spinal cord
quadriplegia
paralysis of both arms and legs, commonly resulting in bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction
paresthesia
sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling, or heightened sensitivity
poliomyelitis
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
Reye syndrome
acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltrtion of the brain, liver, and possibly the pancreas, heart, kidney, spleen, and lymph nodes
syncope
brief loss of consciousnes and posture caused by a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain, AKA fainting
electroencephalography (EEG)
recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic electrical impulses
electromyography (EMG)
recording of electrical signals (action potentials) that occur in a muscle when it is at rest and during contraction to assess muscular disease and nerve damage
lumbar puncture (LP)
needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anesthetic agents into the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids
nerve conduction velocity (NCV)
test that measures the speen at which impulses travel through a nerve
cryosurgery
technique that exposes abnormal tissue to extreme cold to destroy it
stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)
precisely focused radiation beams are used to tream tumors and other abnormal growths in the brain, spinal column, and other body sites
thalamotomy
partial destruction of the thalamus to treat intracable pain; involuntary movemnts, including tremors in Parkinson disease, or emotional disturbances
tractotomy
transection of a nerve tract in the brain stem or spinal cord
trephination
technique that cuts a circular opening into the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure
ventriculoperitoneal shunting
relieves intracranial pressure due to hydrocephalus by divertig excess cerebrospinal sluid from the ventricles into the peritoneal or thoracic cavity
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
lab test to examine a sample of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord
discograpy
CT scan of the lumbar region after njection of a contrast medium to detect problems with the spine and spinal nerve roots
echoencephalography
US technique used to study intracranial structures of the brainand diagnose conditions that cause a shift in the midline structures of the brain
myelography
radiographic examination to detect pathology of the spinal cord, including the location of a spinal cord injury, cysts, or tumors
