Nervous system Flashcards
Name the 3 layers of the meninges
Pia mater (Closest to brain )
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater (closest to skull bone )
From skull to brain name the dura and spaces
SKULL
EPIDURAL SPACE
duramater
SUBDURAL SPACE
Arachnoid matar
SUBARACHNOID SPACE
Pia mater
BRAIN
Name 2 structures in the diencephalon and their function
Thalamus- involved in relaying and processing sensory/motor function -memory/sleep/awake levels
Hypothalamus- links the nervous system to endocrine system ( via hormone release by pituitary gland)-AUTONOMIC functions -appetite /pleasure
Name 3 structures in the brainstem and their functions
Midbrain- top part
Pons- mid
Medulla oblongata-lowest part
(all function together regulating important body functions such as heart beat , breathing etc )
What is the brainstem
Connects the brain to the spinal cord - if cut-die
Name 3 meninges spaces and where they are found
Epidural - between skull and dura
Subdural- btw dura and arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space- btw arachnoid and Pia matar
What is the central nervous system made of
Brain and spinal cord
What is the function of the central nervous system
Gets incoming information from the body and evaluates it and initiates a response
What makes up the peripheral nervous system
31 spinal nerve pairs + 12 cranial nerve pairs
What is the afferent division of the nervous system
All SENSORY information from receptors TO the Brain
What is the efferent division of the nervous system
All MOTOR information EXITING the brain
What is the somatic nervous system
Part of the Peripheral Nervous sytem
Controls skeletal muscle and external sensory receptors ( under voluntary control)
Voluntary and reflex activities
Do the receptors of the somatic system pass thru ganglion
No
What is the Autonomic nervous system
Part of the peripheral nervous system that
Controls smooth muscle ,cardiac and glands
( involuntary control)
Do the receptors of a autonomic nervous system pass thru ganglion
yes
What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
What is the difference between the fibres to the ganglion in a sympathetic vs parasympathetic system
Sympathetic - preganglionic fibres short
-postganglionic fiber long
parasympathetic - pre ganglionic fibers long
-postganglionic fibers short
What is the sympathetic nervous system function
fight to flight responses - ( increase Hr, decreases food digestion )
expendable
What is the parasympathetic nervous systems function
Rest and repair - increases saliva release for digestion, gland secretions
Necessary for life
Name the 3 parts of a neuron and its job
Cell body ( soma) - contains genetic material
Axon - allows axonal transport-impulse conduit
Dendrite- stimulus receiver
( look at notes picture )
Name the parts of the neuron that make the nerve fibre
Axon and dendrite
What is found in the axon of a neutron
Neurofibrils ( bundles of neurofilaments )
How can neurons be classified
By function
- afferent (sensory )- take info To brain
-efferent( motor ) take info Out of brain
-Interneurons ( in CNS only ) - conduct the impose between the afferent and efferent neuron
or By Structure
Unipolar - sensory - 1 axon with 2 branches
Bipolar - special senses ,1 axon ,1 dendrite
Multipolar - most common in CNS - lots dendrites ,1 axon
Where are interneurons found
In CNS only
How are neurons classified by function
- afferent (sensory )- take info To brain
-efferent( motor ) take info Out of brain
-Interneurons ( in CNS only ) - conduct the impose between the afferent and efferent neuron
How are neurons classified by structure
Unipolar -sensory - single axon with 2 branches ( peripheral process that takes info from periphery to brain and central that takes to CNS )
Bipolar-1 axon,1 dendrite
Multipolar- most common , lots in CNS ,multi dendrites ,1 axon
( look at note picture )
Name 6 glial cells
(Oh A MESS)
Oligodendrocyte
Astrocyte
Microglia
Ependymal cell
Schwann cell
Satellite cell
Name 4 central nervous system glia
Oligodendrocyte
Astrocyte
Microglia
Ependymal cell
Name 2 peripheral nervous system glia
Schwann cell
Satellite cell
Name the function of a Oligodendrocyte
surround the nerve cell body and hold it together making a FATTY Myelin sheath
Name the function of astrocytes
Attach to neurone and “feed “ them lactic acid from glucose.
Name the function microglia
In CNS inflammation they phagocytose ( fight infection )
Name job of Schwann cells
make myelin sheaths around axons in the peripheral nervous system
Name 2 glial cell diseases
Multiple sclerosis- demyelination disorder
Neurofibromatosis
What is multiple sclerosis
Myelin disorder ,glial cell disease
When myelin is destroyed so have gap lesions and so nerve impulses not transmitted
What causes multiple sclerosis
Autoimmune
What is the cure for multiple sclerosis
None but “ monoclonal Ab “ are being used recently to help
What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis
Weakness and loss of coordination
vision and speech impairment
Name 2 peripheral nervous system disporders
Acoustic neuroma - non cancer tumour of vestibular nerve -schwann cell lesion - dizzy hearing loss
Neurofibromatosis : elephant man “ - Schwann cell over stimulated and grow causing lesions and growths over body -genetic
What is the node of Ranvier
Gap on axon between schwann cells where axon uncovered -allow fast impulse conduction
what makes a reflex arc
single arc - 3 neurone -
1.afferent (sensory ) taking info from receptor ie finger on pin “pain”
2.interneuron - in CNS processes and makes a response to efferent neuron
3.efferent neuron via spinal nerve takes motor message to muscles to remove finger
What is meningitis
Infection and Inflammation of the meninges - usually the Pia and arachnoid mater .
usually bacterial - maybe viral or tumour
Present headache ,fever, neck pain and stiffness
Can kill you
What’s the function of the epidural space
Cushion brain hitting bone skull
What’s the function of the subdural space
Lubricates with serous fluid
What’s the function of the subarachnoid space
Cushions brain - lots of CSF here
How much spinal fluid is there
140mls - 117 in subarachnoid space and 23mls in brain ventricles
Name 2 functions of CSF
cushions brain from skull
Monitors internal environment changes eg CO2
Where is CSF absorbed into blood stream
thru arachnoid villi into venous blood
Name a condition affecting the CSF
Hydrocepahlus - brain swelling due to blockage of the flow out of CSF ( ie tumour )-> increasing pressures on brain –> death
What is cerebral palsy
permanent damage to brain due to decreased blood flow due to trauma infection - so brain gets lack oxygen
Voluntary control of muscles lost
Can glial cells divide
Yes
What is the function of glial cells
- Support Neurons -function depend on type of glial cell
- isolate nerve fibers from each other
Can neurons divide
No
where are glial cells seen
Around neurone in central and peripheral nervous system - make 50% brain mass
What 3 types of nerves are there?
Motor —-> muscle
Sensory—–> touch and taste
Parasympathetic—–> special sensation ie taste /secretions of glands
