Nervous System Flashcards
cervical plexus level
C1-C4
brachial plexus level
C5-T1
lumbar plexus level
L1-L4
sacral plexus level
L4-S4
coccygeal level
S5-Co
cervical plexus function
innervates the head and neck
ansa cervicalis
loop from C1-C3
phrenic nerve
C3, C4, C5 innervates diaphragm
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
innervates tongue muscles; contributes fibers to ansa cervicalis.
spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
medulla to C6 innervates traps and SCM.
lesser occipital nerve
innervates skin and scalp posterosuperior to the auricle.
greater auricular nerve
innervates skin near concha auricle (outer ear) and external acoustic meatus (ear canal).
transverse cervical
innervates anterior region of neck
suprascapular
innervates skin above and below clavicle.
brachial plexus function
innervates muscles, joints, and skin of upper limb.
brachial plexuses contains:
ventral rami, trunks, divisions, cords, and terminal nerves.
ventral rami of brachial plexus
C5-T1
trunks
superior, middle, and inferior
divisions
each trunk has anterior and posterior divisions, and posterior divisions all combine to the posterior cord.
cords
lateral, posterior, and medial.
order of the brachial plexus (Hint: roudy teams drink cold tequila)
root, trunk, division, cord, terminal nerve
lumbar plexus function
motor and sensory innervation to pelvic girdle and lower limbs.
lumbar plexus roots
roots split to anterior and posterior divisions.
lumbar plexus anterior division
generally supplies pelvis and medial thigh
lumbar plexus posterior division
generally supplies anterior thigh
major nerves of the lumbar plexus
Illiohypogastric, Illioinguinal, Genitofemoral, Lateral femoral cutaneous, Femoral, Obturator, Cluneal
sacral plexus function
innervates foot, leg, gluteal, and pelvic regions.
sacral rami divisions
anterior and posterior
anterior sacral division
piriformis
posterior sacral division
illiac artery and vein
sciatic nerve level
L4-S3
sciatic nerve
branches into common fibular and tibial nerves at the popliteal fossa, but travel separately together in posterior thigh.
major nerves of the sacral plexus
Sciatic nerve, Common fibular nerve, Tibial nerve, Superior gluteal nerve, Inferior gluteal nerve, Nerve to piriformis, Nerve to quadratus femoris, Nerve to obturator internus, Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh, Perforating cutaneous nerve, Pudental nerve, Nerve to levator ani
splachnic nerves
greater, lesser, least, lumbar, and sacral; pass into abdomen and pelvic regions.
splachnic nerves connect with what?
prevetebral (colateral) ganglia
prevertebral (colateral) ganglia
celiac ganglia, superior mesenteric ganglia, and inferior mesenteric ganglia.
general visceral afferents (GVAs)
convey info about distension of organs and chem conditions from blood vessels, heart, lungs, digestive system, and other organ systems and glands into the CNS via spinal and cranial nerves.
visceral sensory GVAs creates what kind of pain?
referred pain
referred pain
pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus.
sagittal plane
right/left
horizontal plane
superior/inferior
coronal plane
posterior/anterior
gray matter
cell bodies and dendrites
white matter
axons and myelin
dorsal (back)
sensory afferent
ventral (front)
motor efferent
axons
projections of nerves
myelin
insulation; high fat
names for bundles of axons in the CNS
tract, lemniscus, fasciculus, column, peduncle, capsule, pyramid
three parts of the brainstem (top to bottom)
midbrain, pons, medulla
brainstem functions
equilibirum, cardiovascular function, respiration, and other functions
reticular formation
wakefullness and consciousness
medulla
homeostasis
pons
respiration
pyramids
on the medulla; consciously keep yourself awake
olive
fine motor learning
the brainstem houses nuclei of what nerves?
cranial nerves’ nuclei
olive nucleus
worm-like structure
cerebral peducle
two stalks attaching cerebrum to midbrain; sensory and motor tracts running from cerebrum to pons.
superior colliculus
controls eye and head movement in response to visual stimuli.
inferior coliculus
sound location; orienting body toward relevant stimuli; discriminates pitch and rhythm.
substantia nigra
modulates motor movements and is involved in reward behaviors .
red nucleus
involved in motor coordination;
why is the red nucleus colored red
presence of iron
what is inferior to the red nucleus?
substantia nigra
what degenerates in parkinsons?
the substantia nigra
what is the role of the substantia nigra?
movement coordination
what is under the substantia nigra
peduncle
what connects the posterior brainstem to the cerebellum?
superior, middle, and inferior peduncles
what connects the midbrain to the cerebellum?
superior peduncle
what connects the pons to the cerebellum?
middle peduncle
what connects the medulla to the cerebellum?
inferior peduncle
cerebellar peduncles
large bundles of fiber that connect cerebellum to brainstem
vermis
mediun portion of the cerebellum that connects the 2 hemispheres.
anterior lobe of the cerebellum
superior and separated from posterior lobe by primary fissure
posterior lobe of the cerebellum
inferior of and larger than anterior lobe; inferior part is the cerebellar tonsil
floculonodular lobe of the cerebellum
tucked between posterior cerebellar lobe and brainstem; composed of floculus and nodules of vermis
structures of the diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, subthalamic nucleus
thalamus
relays sensory info to cerebral cortex; helps regulate arousal and awareness
hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis; regulates hormone secretion, body temp, hunger and thirst, sleep cycle, and physiological responses to emotions
mammillary body
important role in episodic/recollective memory, part of limbic system
pineal gland
regulates circadian rhythm by producing melatonin
subthalamic nucleus
functions with basal ganglia to control movements
longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum
divides the 2 cerebral hemispheres
gyri
rounded elevations on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres
sulci
the grooves on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres
cerebral lobes
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, limbic, insular
frontal lobe
Controls voluntary movement and manages higher level executive functions
parietal lobe
Somatosensory perception and integration; language processing
temporal lobe
Auditory and olfactory perception and integration; language recognition; visual and long-term memory formation
occipital lobe
Visual perception and integration
limbic lobe (including cingulate gyrus)
memory, learning, motivation, and emotion
insular lobe
Gustatory perception and integration; visceral and pain sensation
cerebral cortex
surface of the cerebral hemispheres
gray matter of the cerebrum
basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, globus paladus)
caudate
motor control, goal-oriented behaviors, memory, learning, and emotion
putamen
preparation and execution of movements, as well as learning
globus paladus
regulation of movement; separated into globus pallidus internus and externus
striatum
caudate and putamen
lentiform nucleus
globus paladus and putamen
ventral striatum
includes nucleus accumbens; involved in reward system, aversion, and reinforcement learning
substantia nigra
part of basal ganglia in the midbrain
subthalamic nucleus
component of basal ganglia in the diencephalon
limbic system components
amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies, cingulate gyrus, and claustrum
amygdala
primary role in memory, decision-making, and emotional responses
hippocampus
learning, memory, emotional behavior, and spatial cognition
fornix
memory encoding and storage
mammillary body
important role in episodic/recollective memory
cingulate gyrus
Involved with processing of emotions and memory storage
claustrum
Sheet of neurons located between the putamen and insula; Integrates multiple cortical inputs into a single experience; Involved with consciousness, awareness, and sustained attention
intervertebral formaina
connects the laterla ventricles
cerebral aquaduct
connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
meninges
dura, arachnoid, and pia matter
dura matter
tough outer layer with 2 projections that separate parts of the brain
arachnoid matter
named for its resemblence to a spider web
pia matter
delicate membrane adherent to the surface of the CNS
